Place name disambiguation pages Essay Example for Free

Place name disambiguation pages EssayHave you ever perceive the saying, Dont judge a book by its cover and wondered what it meant? Sandra Cisneros, author of the short story, Salvador Late or Early, cr play outes a frame of heading and brings ordinal a sad and sympathetic feeling within the indorser towards Salvador who is a young boy with more weight on his shoulder than any fair(a) kid his size should have to bare. Cisneros uses imagery, diction, and characterizes Salvador as solitary, troubled, and as unnoticed child. Who takes on more responsibilities as a young boy than most would imagine at a glance, that any kid would have to endure.Author Sandra Cisneros uses simplistic tone to create a sympathetic frame of mind within the reader by using an range of imagery to grab the readers attention. Cisneros describes Salvadors responsibilities, the way he looks, and where Salvador lives leaving the reader tender in thought toward Salvador. Inside that forty-pound body of boy with its geography of scars, its history of hurt, limbs stuffed with feathers and rags(Cisneros) illustrate a weak, flimsy young boy with no sense of hope or focusing.Cisneros then goes on to state, In that vague direction where homes are the color of bad weather, painting a dark cloud over the home of Salvador inside the readers mind. Cisneros never gives the reader a specific age for Salvador nevertheless we can tell from the diction universe used along with the specific details given to us by the author that Salvador is a young boy given an incredible amount of responsibility.The reader can also assume that Salvador has a head of the house type role. Also the reader immediately picks up on how poor Salvador and his family are when Cisneros writes, combs their hair with water, feeds them milk and cornflakes from a tin cup in the dim dark of the morning. This all being done by the young Salvador and by this passage the reader picks up on a depressing feeling that leaves the a udience fascinated and worried at the problems this young boy is in.Cisneros labels the main character with great detail that he has a past shrouded in problem and puzzlement which in turn, leaves the reader mind with the question of what could have happened to this boy that left him with such with such a burden to carry. Salvador whose name the teacher cannot remember, is a boy who is no ones friend, (Cisneros) this statement describes Salvador as a loner and not very out spoken considering his own teacher cant remember his name.In conclusion Sandra Cisneros creates a very graphic visualization of the characteristics that help the reader build an image and a diverse amount of feelings towards the character Salvador. Leaving the reader questioning the past of the young boy, which seems to eat away at his inner emotions and will continue to do so until there is nothing left but a empty shell of pain, and agony. burden at a young age with the role as the head of the household young, shy, Salvador is faced each day with obstacles not many his age essential overcome.Filled with a past full of secrecy, Salvador pushes forward each day braving this storm not only for himself, but for his younger siblings and a Mama, who seems to be on her own also. Described as his limbs stuffed with feathers and rags, (Cisneros) a valid argument can be made that Salvador holds more than just pain, and agony within. One can repugn that any young boy who has to burden the trouble and responsibilities that Salvador carries on his shoulders each day represents, the brave and determined will to go on not for himself but for the other he loves and that quality in anyone no matter size, or age makes them an amazing person.

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups EssayAmerica has umteen religions, races, ethnicities, and languages from each over the world. Prejudice and disagreement has been around for years, and it still is to this day. This is nearlything that leave behind probably never go away as every unrivalled has their own ideals, and beliefs. Buddhism and Blacks put up endured prejudice and discrimination of their own for many years. Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality (The Buddhist Center). Buddhism doesnt discriminate against race, nationality, sexuality, or gender. Buddhism is more(prenominal) of finding a path for ones life and shows people to be practical and to the point. It teaches people that t here argon consequences for your actions and that it is possible to change as long as the path is followed. Christians and Muslims believe that if they live a worthy life here on earth they will live forever with God after dea th. Jews dependable focus on living a good life, doing good things, etc but dont actually focus on the life after death. Buddhists do not believe in a God after death.Rather, they believe that life is an everlasting roll of birth and rebirth, that what is done during a lifetime determines the kind of life one will throw off in a future incarnation unless a soul is liberates him or herself from the cycle (Ameri evict Institute Buddhist Thought, 2013). Most other religions have one creator with a book that gives guidance, such as the Bible. Buddhism does not have a single divine creator or book. It has the lessons from Siddhartha Gautama who was not a God of prophet. He was a human being who became Enlightened, understanding life in the deepest way possible (The Buddhist Center).Other religions want to prove to their God by the deeds they do, Buddhists just want to attain true merriment by following the teachings of Buddha. The Christians in southwesterly Korea did not agree wi th Buddhism teachings, they vandalized their temples. Buddhists were affected greatly in the 20th century with all the religions that didnt agree. They were oppressed and tortured, and went by means of quite a speckle of abuse from prejudice and discrimination. Most (mainly westerner) dont believe Buddhism as a religion since there is no one Creator, it is mainly just teachings to help you follow the path of Enlightenment.In Sri Lanka in the late 1800s Christians were favored and they were given most jobs and promotions over Buddhists. to a fault during the Sri Lankan Civil War Buddhists experienced a lot terrorists attacks. The Buddhist Faith Fellowship of Connecticut stated, In Tibet, the Dharma has been brutally oppressed since the Chinese invasion in the 1950s. Christian was a widely known religion for quite some time, and during these times it took over and they wanted to convert others, especially the Buddhist religion. Most non-Buddhists discriminated against the Buddhist s.Catholics, Christians, Jews, and many groups did not agree with Buddhism with the thoughts it wasnt really a religion. They were tortured in many places such as China, Tibet, Vietnam, North and South Korea, Great Britain, and France. Buddhism is seen everywhere here in America, from TV shows, in schools, to movies round the history. Although it is in many places that people dont really realize. in that respect are Buddhas all over, and give the sack be bought as little trinkets from places. If you rub the belly it is supposed to give you good luck.Meditation has come from this religion and it is used quite a bit to help people relax. Zen is used quite a bit here in America on many things. There is a dance band of associations with familiar American values, such as simplicity, naturalness, peace, and harmony. There are the favorite values of the health and food industries, such as wholesomeness, well-being, and natural goodness and there are the aesthetic values of the young ur ban sushi culture, such as tasteful understatement, sophisticated minimalism, and multicultural cosmopolitanism. (Religion Ethics Newsweekly).Doing the research on Buddhism has helped me understand it a lot better. I have learned about it in high school just a bit but never really knew the unspoiled extent. I never really knew they went through so much until now. I didnt realize how much it is in the American Culture until now. We use the words, theories, and some of the practices such as meditation for our own reasons. We may not follow the Buddhism religion but we do use it and it has made its way into our culture. Growing up my mom had a little green Buddha that was always on her dresser.She would always rub his belly because it was good luck. People from African descent normally have a darker complexion, usually a dark brown skin color. Blacks were brought to America as slaves from ships and sold to the whites. In Africa they speak a different language, mainly exploitation dialects. Over the years through assimilation the Africans who have come to America now referred to as African Americans speak English. The ancestors of blacks mainly come from Central and South America, as for the whites mainly descend from Europe if they are from European descent.The culture of Africans was very different before they came to America as slaves. To learn more about the Enslaved African Ancestors this article was very informative, National Geographic News Americas Cultural Roots Traced to Enslaved African Ancestors. Blacks were burned, whipped, beaten, and the whites could treat them however they felt. The Africans who came to America were obligate to come here, and the experiences they had at first were not that good. They were highly discriminated against and had no free will what so ever. They were pretty much property to whoever they bought them.With the forcing of Africans to come to America they were one of the hugest minorities to endure prejudice, racism, a nd discrimination. African Americans were not able to vote and they had practically no rights or freedom what so ever. Blacks could not use the same water fountains, bathrooms, diners, or even schools. They had to sit in the back of the bus and could not sit anywhere near a white person. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger and got arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating the local law.This also led to the Bus Boycott in Montgomery. Mainly white individuals discriminated and were racial against the Blacks. Whites thought they were better, and since they were brought to America as slaves they didnt look at them as human beings. They were different so they werent equal to the whites, as the whites were educated and more advanced. Their contributions in early America, for which they have received little or no credit, include the development of the American dairy industry, open razing of cattle, semisynthetic insemination of cows, the development of vaccines (including vaccination of small pox), and cures for snake bites. (Slave Rebellion, 2010). Over the years they have contributed a lot that we dont really give them credit for, this is just the beginning of what they have given American Culture. Whites treated them horribly and took most the credit for what they have done, at times they still do to this day. I already knew most of the stuff I learned researching this racial group.In high school they teach most about slavery. I just love doing the research for groups like these because there is always something to learn and with this subject most people like to jump to conclusions and believe everything they read or hear about our history. There are many differences and similarities between these two groups in the prejudice and discrimination they endured. One major difference was that Buddhists were not forced to be that religion, and were not forced into slavery or to live where they did.One thing though was t hat Buddhists were driven out of places and kept to specific areas where they had to stay because they werent welcome other places. They were both harassed and beaten as well as they had their stuff destroyed and were killed with no second thought. Discrimination is a very hatred thing, and it drives people to do some scary things. Taking someones life and not treating them like they are a human being is one of the worst things you can do. It is sad that people cant just be themselves without people wanting to do something about it to force them to be something else.

Motivation And Problem Statement Information Technology Essay

Motivation And Problem Statement Information Technology EssayA corridor indoor navigation musical arrangement is proposed for any kind of visual impaired somebodys blind, partially sighted, and people with progressive loss of vision. This organisation after part servicing the visually impaired individuals to travel finished familiar or unfamiliar corridor by apply the Kinect sensor that mounted on the head or holding into hand. This chapter consists of five parts. The five parts s give the axe packing be divided into line statements, view scopes, project targetives, contri only whenions, and rachisground information.1.1 Motivation and Problem Statement opthalmicly impaired individuals leave alone face many difficulties and unrivaled of the common difficulties is when they involve in self-navigating at an environment which is strange for them. In fact, physical movement is one of the giantgest challenges for them. Besides that, dapple they travel nigh or paseo at a cr owded corridor, it may pose great difficulty. One of the existing problems for visually impaired individuals to travel in a corridor is that they cannot encounter either they need to turn left or turn right when r to each oneed to the end of the corridor by using only the locomote queer. According to Saaid M.F 7, to walk at the corridor, the visually impaired individuals must find the border of the sidewalk at the corridor and then use their travel find to define their current location. The reason wherefore the visually impaired individuals do that is because they cannot forecast the obstacle which is far from them while they only can use the walking stick to detect the area around them.1.2 forge ScopeThe scope of this project is to develop a establishment which can friend visually impaired individuals to navigate in the corridor and calculate the aloofness of obstacles. This outline used the sensor of the Kinect to detect the obstacles. Kinect is a low-cost 3D sensor de veloped by Microsoft for the XBOX 360 console which allows the player to use his own bole as the game controller. Besides that, it consists of an RGB camera associated with an infrared transmitter and receiver, which permits to number the distance of the elements taken from the environment. This system using sensor of the Kinect to building the depth map, which can endures the distance of the obstacles detected in front of the visually impaired individuals.1.3 Project ObjectivesIn this project, the main(prenominal) objective is to develop a cheaper in price but get out still maintain with a good functional system for the visually impaired individuals. This system fit to help visually impaired individuals to ward off the obstacles such(prenominal) as people and animal on the corridor same with them and it also can provides the distance of the obstacles in front of them. The aim of this project is to improve the visually impaired individuals ability in finding the direction at the corridor while they are walking rather than just rely on the walking stick to detect all the obstacles manually and waste their time in finding the exactly direction that they want to heading to.1.4 Impact, significance and ContributionThis system is knowing especially for any kind of visual impaired persons blind, partially sighted, and people with progressive loss of vision. This system will give a lot of benefits to the visually impaired individuals especially for those who bind financial problem. According to the researcher Choo, Malaysia has around 60,000 visually impaired individuals and 28,000 of them had registered as a blind and applied to establish the help from the welfare provided in Malaysia. This mean that the function of visually impaired individuals that have financial problem had covered much than half in the total number of impaired visually individuals and this is reason why the system provide is cheaper and affordable by most of the impaired visually in dividuals.More than that, this system able to provide the distance of the obstacles in front of visually impaired individuals by using sensor of the Kinect. It also able delivers the visually impaired individuals the existing direction to help them headed to the right direction. With the system provided, the visually impaired individual able walk at the corridor safety since the system developed is able to be given them along the corridor by providing the information of the surrounding along the corridor. With the system developed the visually impaired individuals also able to improve their own ability or less pendent to the help of other people while walking along the corridor. The reason why the visually impaired individuals can improve themselves into a more self-sufficient individual is because the system able to help them in finding the direction while they are walking at the corridor. Hence, the visually impaired person able to more likes a normal person in their daily life style.1.5 Background InformationNowadays, the tools to financial aid the visually impaired individuals are become very essential because the tools are used to help them to navigate the surrounding in the corridor. According to Casey Helmick 3, those people who are visually impaired individuals often will rely on different tools to help them in locomotion around. Dog guide and walking stick are the most common tools to assist visually impaired individuals in daily life. However, not all of them afford to purchase a guide furrow, since the guide dog is at a quite expensive price take aim and will require consuming their time in training with the guide dog and getting the license and only able travelling around with the guide dog. The training cost and the license cost will also become one of the concern which they cannot afford all the cost plus the guide dog cannot available to enter some airs such as hotel, apartment and hospital and this restrict them to walk smoother at indo or environment with just an assist from the walking stick. Besides that, some of the visually impaired individuals cant be around dogs. 3Furthermore, the visually impaired individuals only can use the walking sticks to estimate and determine the obstacle on the floor along the corridor and the obstacle must be close with their current location since the length of their walking stick is limited. A walking stick may be harder to carry, since its longer than the developed walking stick and because the blind people use walking stick while walking, so they only have one hand free 6. Hence, this cause the visually impaired individuals become inconvenience especially when their hands need carry a lot of items and since one of their hand need carry walking stick, so they may not able to carry all of the items. Besides that, the existing walking stick for visually impaired individuals has the range detection problem. The walking stick cannot detect the distance that much more far away from the individual or the moving objects that moving around the corridor. Unlike normal person they cannot sense the all of the objects and moving objects since they cannot see, so, this causes them a problem when they walk at the corridor. The existing walking stick also cannot assist and help the visually impaired individuals to detect the possible way whether to turn either left or right when they reached to the end of the corridor. To improve the limitation that do exist on the current visually impaired individuals walking stick, the corridor indoor navigation system has been proposed.Chapter 2Literature brush upDue to the inconvenience of walking stick in the corridor, thither are many researchers that have been researching to discover a new way to solve the problem. In this chapter, there are some systems that are reviewed. Some of them are taken from journal or internet.2.1 Ultrasonic Ranging administrationA mobile supersonic ranging system is the system that used to expand the environmental detection range for visually impaired individuals by using the Sona SwitchTM 1700 (Electronic Design and packing, Livonia, Michigan). This sensor uses a pulse of ultrasonic waves to determine the distance to obstacles. There are several(prenominal) hardware are used to set up the system such as AD654 Monolithic Voltage-to-Frequency Converter, 2 small headphone speakers, helmet, 15 volt power source, 2 plastic experimenter boxes, breadboard, resistors, capacitors, and minor circuitry. This project retroverts two modes of detections which is analog and digital mode. The analog mode will give the blind a mental picture around the environment based on the different frequencies and patterns of chirps elicited. The digital mode functions for detection a fundamentally served to alert the blind of nearby obstacles 1.The Ultrasonic Ranging System has less transmission attenuation, strong reflectivity, insensitive to light and electromagnetic. Especially with the appearance of intelligent ranging machines which take micro controller as the core, the ultrasonic detection device has been greatly improved in its detection accuracy, method and application range, and it has become an important part in the intelligent detection field 1.Ultrasonic wave angular misalignment is one of the weaknesses of the system. In order for ultrasonic waves to propagate correctly during the echo respond phase, they must have a perpendicular surface to reflect from. Angular misalignment between the normal of the transmitting and receiving surfaces may cause the measured distance to differ from the actual distance 1. Besides that, the hardware use by the system is expensive because mostly the hardware is manufacture and imported from other foreign countries.Other than that, to write out the problem of ultrasonic angular misalignment, the suggested solution is by using different transmit and receiving ultrasonic transducer pairs. Reducing the size and weight of the ultrasonic sensor would greatly improve the ergonomic capabilities of the system 1.2.2 Point venue Wearable GPS PathFinder systemPoint Locus Wearable GPS PathFinder systemis headinged change as away finding aid for the visually impaired individuals as they travel outdoor. The system communicates in a language of vibrations to the exploiter, so that will be able to guide them. The vibration comes from two vibrating pager motors located on the users triceps. Whenever they need to turn, whichever vibrator is closest to the turn angle will vibrate. Then, the user stops and rotates in that direction, until they feel the vibration from both vibrators. This indicates the user is facing the right direction and should move forward. This signal is repeated every 20 seconds as a reassurance to the user that they are going in the right direction and should continue forward. When a destination is reached, a sustained vibration from both vibrators of 5 seconds indicates this.Point Locus Wearable GPS Pat hFinder systemwill record GPS location data and use the current location of the user, and the desired destination to form a route from one point to the other. This information will be used by a microcontroller to control the vibrator circuits, so they will vibrate at the proper time. 4This system will serve as important tools as one of the most important senses forvisually impairedusers that are the sense of touch. The purpose of the system is to design a product that will be able to aid visually impaired people in a meaningful way. It needs to be something applicatory that compliments their natural adaptations to their disability and extends their limitations. It will be a cost effective solution that improves their way finding ability, making them much more nonparasitic when travelling.By using the sense of touching, rather than audio, the system does not overload one vital sense that is needed as an adapted way to cut oneself. It also does not require vision to put on and adj ust to the right size, because Velcro allows a person to feel out the proper place to attach the straps.This system is to record the GPS location in order to determine the path. The weakness of GPS is ineffective for accurate positioning in indoor environment such as underground, under water, tunnels and so on, because the walls can significantly interfere with GPS transmissions. The lost of signals will make the users feel unsafe because for a visually impaired person they will panic. Furthermore, the visually impaired has lacked the freedom to walk without friend or family member accompany, especially through the unfamiliar environments.2.3 Corridor Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance using Visual PotentialThis system is developing a navigation algorithms that using visual potential for corridor navigation and obstacle avoidance. The visual potential is computed from an image date and optical flow computed from successive images captured by the camera mounted on the robot. The robo t selects a local pathway using the visual potential discovered through its vision system. This algorithm enables mobile robots to avoid obstacles without any knowledge of a robot workspace. Using the visual potential field and optical flow, Naoya Ohnishi defines a control flow for corridor navigation and obstacles avoidance of the mobile robot.The path- readiness problem of a mobile robot is to determine the trajectory. The trajectory is determined as the path from the prick point to the destination point without collision with obstacles in the configuration space. The potential field method 10 yields a path from a chute point to a destination point using the gradient field computed from the potential field derived from the map of the configuration of the robot workspace.On the other hand, the navigation problem of a mobile robot is to determine the robot motion at an arbitrary time 9. In a real environment, the payload of mobile robots is restricted, for example, power supply, efficiency of input devices and computing power. Therefore, mobile robots are required to have simple mechanisms and devices 8.Chapter 3methodological analysis, Implementation Issues and Challenge, Timeline3.1 MethodologyThe methodology that we will use in this project is Prototyping methodology. The reasons why we use this methodology are because the method is easier to understand, more user friendly and the steps are give away structured. The developer will be able to measure up the system continuously until meet the objectives. There are five steps in Prototyping methodology they are planning, analysis, design, implementation, and final system 15. Planning is the process of thought of the reason the system will be built and the requirement. Analysis includes the problem identifying, analysis, predicting potential problems, and how the system will be built. System analysis leads to design decision, determines how the system operates in the term of process, data, hardware and o ther factor. Implementation includes the time when we want to build, tested and also installed. It includes the training and also system maintenance.sdlc_prototype.gifFigure 3.1 Prototyping Methodology tooth root http//www.slepi.net/blog/system-development/system-development-life-cycle-sdlc-methodologies.html, Wiras Adi( February,2008)3.1.1 PlanningPlanning is the first gift of the prototyping methodology. A good project planning will increases the success rate of the project. Project planning is about what activity we needed in this project, and how much time allocate to every single activity. The purpose of this project planning is to show us a big picture how the whole programs flow and the total time needed to complete the project. Grantt chart is one of the tools that we used for schedule the activity. It also helps us track back how much we are delayed.3.1.2 AnalysisIn this stage, developer need to analyse the application looks like, how it functions, how much it cost to mak es a better system. In order to makes a better system, developer need to analyse other existing system to cover their limitation and weaknesses. Developer also needs to analyse the technology involved to make sure the hardware and software system are supported.3.1.3 DesignSystem requirement specifications need to be studied before go to system design. There are many software that can be used for develop the system. This system is developed by using C++ programming languages and Kinect Xbox.3.1.4 ImplementationThis is coding stage. after(prenominal) the design stage, this stage make all feature become functional. First of all, start with preparing all the hardware and software requirement. Install the Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 software, and connect with Kinect Xbox. After that start coding and test the result. Several algorithms and software will be used to implements the system. All functions will be tested until it reached the project objectives. There are several way of testi ng can be conduct such as black-box testing, white-box testing, unit testing, system integration testing, and user acceptance testing.3.1.5 Final SystemAfter all the stage has done, this stage will be the delivery stage and maintenance stage. To ensure the visually impaired individuals know how to use it, lesson training will be provided. Whenever the visually impaired individuals find any error, the maintenance service is provided to ensure the system work perfectly.3.2 Implementation Issues and ChallengesIn every project, risks will eer exist because of the issues and challenges that arise in the process of the project. Without any exception, this project also arise some issues and challenges such asTime constrainTime is the main problem. We still need to manage our time with other subjects. To handle this problem, there is the reason to have the project planning.Code and software complexnessCode complexity is another main problem due to our limited knowledge on the C++ language. Software that used to apply in this system also is the problem for us due to we dont have any knowledge about this area. To handle this problem, we need to make a research and study to increase my knowledge in this program.We have faced other difficulty when get the image pixel. The Kinect depth sensors convert the color to black, grey, and white. Black color is unknown area which mean too far or too near. White and grey is detected area. The difficulty we faced is we unable to let the laptop know which is object, which is wall, and which pixel we want get for calculate the distance. (Figure 3.3)3.3 Timeline / Project PlanningProject planning is very important to limit the time that we will use. So, it is a kind of time management for our project. Below, we will describe our project planning for Project 1.Project I TimelineWeek12345678910111213TopicAssignedIdentify problem statement, scope, objective,and backgroundinformationLiterature reviewMethodology and planningProject finaliza tion and proposal submissionProposal PresentationFigure 3.4 Project I TimelineExplanationTopic assignedThe title is assigned by the faculty.Identify problem statement, scope, objectives, and background informationFound the reason why we want to do this project, the scope, and found the information that was useful for us to understand more about this project.Literature ReviewIn this step, we make a research to something that is related to this project and this research more to the journal and other official material.Methodology and planningIn this step, we planned how we want to do our project we determined our steps and followed them.Project finalization and proposal submissionMake a hardcopy of the things that we have understand and read. Then, pass it up to the supervisor.Proposal presentationMake a presentation to our supervisor and also moderator. And prepare a Microsoft power point veer to them.Project II TimelineCurrent WeekWeek1234567891011121314Study the C++ language and so ftwareCode editionTestingThesis documentationFigure 3.5 Project II TimelineChapter 4 emergency Specification4.1 User Requirement4.1.1 Functional Requirementi) Obstacles Avoidance This system able to help user detect the obstacles position.ii) outdo calculation This system will count the distance from user to object detected.iii) Information This system will tell user the objects distance through the earphone.4.1.2 Non-Functional Requirementi) Reliability Recover from failure. A testing plan shall be developed for this purpose.ii) Usability This system shall be easy to understand, easy to learn, and easy to use. It shall simplify tasks to set up and run it.iii) Portability This system shall be portable between computers. Additionally, the software shall be easy to install and remove.4.2 System Performance Definition4.2.1 Hardware RequirementsMicrosoft Kinect XboxLaptop32-bit(x86) or 64-bit(x64) processorDual-core 2.66 GHz or faster processorDedicated USB 2.0 bus2 GB RAM4.2.2 S oftware RequirementsWindows 7 Operating SystemMicrosoft Visual Studio 2010.Net Framework 4.0Microsoft-speech platform SDO v11Kinect for Windows SDK v1.64.2.3 Programming Languages usedC++4.3 Design, Analysis, and Verification Plan4.3.1 Design of Navigation systemThis navigation system is using Kinect Xbox for developed. Kinect itself contain of 2 3D depth sensors, RGB camera, multi-array microphone, and motorized tilt. Kinects sensor can measure the objects distances from 0.6cm to 4cm. Figure 4.3.1 is Kinect Xbox 360, Figure 4.3.2 is the overall outlook of the system.Figure 4.3.1 Kinect Xbox 360Figure 4.3.2 Navigation System Outlook4.3.2 AnalysisIf the system able to assist the blind people successfully navigates in the corridor, we can consider that our project is successful. Besides the main objectives, there are some sub-objectives we need to focus areMove freely without collision with humanAble to avoid collision with the object while travelling along the corridorProvide informa tion to blind people such as the distance of the object4.3.3 Verification PlanTo verify whether the navigation system is met the objectives or not, we put it into real environment for testing. First, we put some object in the corridor, and covered the users eyes, and then ask the user walk along the corridor for testing the system. When the object is detected, the system will start counting the distance of the object, and tell user the objects distance. Besides that, we also test for human avoidance. Example when a human shortly stand in front of the user, is it the system successful to detect the human and tell the user?4.4 System OverviewChapter 6 deduction6.1 Project Review5.0 ConclusionIn this paper, we proposed a system which is indoor navigation corridor system to improve the limitation of the walking stick. The majority of chapter one is about the problem of the walking stick and its weaknesses. Chapter one also covers the project scope, project objectives, contribution, and also background information. The chapter 2 consists of review of researches that have been done in order to improve the limitation of the walking stick (to extend the range of detection).The chapter 3 consists of methodology, tools and timeline. The methodology used in the proposed system has main level, which is low level stage, intermediate stage, and high level stage. The functionality of each stage will be discussed in chapter 3. The tools we using has 2 parts, which is hardware and software.The objective we implements this system is to help the visually impaired individuals avoid the obstacles such as people and animal on the corridor same with them. The aim of this project is to improve the visually impaired individuals ability in finding the direction at the corridor while they are walking rather than just rely on the walking stick to detect all the obstacles manually and waste their time in finding the exactly direction that they want to heading to.

The Absorption Costing Approach to Cost-Plus Pricing

The Absorption existing mount to Cost-Plus PricingAllocating a fair and proper expense to a harvest-time or service may be a tricky balancing act for a participation. Many unattackables have an ongoing struggle with placedting their pricing strategies. It is a well known fact that the success of any yield or service relies straight on the ability to sell them which anon directly depends on the correct pricing strategy (Bosse, 2009). The pricing can non be just randomly guessed by the company. There are several measures that ought to be considered while forming the pricing strategy. By implementing creative judgments and intensifying the awareness of consumer motivation, a company can seize the commercialize. Pricing is not merely a marketing, financial or operational last instead it influences all aspects of the firm (Petersn, 2008).Preliminary Situation for PricingErner (2010) mentions two possible situations to consider for pricing The first one declares that the product in doubt has several competitors who offer products with less differentiation. Hence a market price already exists. In this case customers leave behind not purchase products with high market prices. Therefore the company does not have to conduct extensive research about the pricing strategy as they already have a rule of thumb present.The second situation indicates that the market price does not exist. Herein the product does not have any direct competitors and no pricing standards are available. The company has to decide how to price its products or services. In such a position the company must(prenominal) emphasize more on market research, customer perception, embodying, price testing etc. (Hilton, 2009).The Absorption Cost Approach to Cost-Plus PricingFor pricing decisions accounting information can be used especially if the firm is a leader in the market or a price-maker. As there is hardly time for analyzing demand and marginal salute for each product or service thoroughl y, managers have to depend on a swift and unsophisticated mode for determining prices. Therefore companies apply the Cost-Plus Pricing (CPP) method in which the total cost of the product or service adds a margin to ascertain the selling price (Hilton, 2009). However nearly companies are price-takers as they set their prices tally to the market leaders and have to follow the market, adjusting their prices due to competition. Even in such cases understanding be supports making managerial decisions e.g. which and how many products or services should be produced (Pietersz, n.g.). To give a considerable return on the stockholders investment the determined price in pricing standard products must cover all costs such as production, administrative, fixed and variable sales cost (Erner, 2010). As this should not be the case the business will bear losses and may not even be extant. Comprehending the companys marketing strategy is required for applying cost information in pricing decision s (Collier, 2009).COST + accent UP = SELLING PRICE(Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003)Determine the Cost CoverageBefore adding a desired profit margin the full costs1for each product or service has to be calculated (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003). Flowingly the company has to underline the cost coverage that can be done by the Absorption Cost Approach (ACA) or the Contri hardlyion Approach (CA) (Erner, 2010).In the pricing decision the unit cost of a completed product is a key measure. The so called unit Product Cost (UPC) stipulates the value of goods inventory completed and the cost of sold goods (Tatum, n.g.). On the one side variable costing classes costs according to their doings into variable or fixed. For determining the UPC variable costing only includes costs directly varied to production i.e. direct material and direct labor cost as also the variable manufacturing overhead. The fixed manufacturing overhead costs are dealt like period expenses i.e. expense them like selling and administration cost in the period in which they incur. Fixed costs are not regarded in variable UPC. On the other side absorption costing classes the costs according to their function either into manufacturing or non-manufacturing costs. For calculating the UPC by applying the ACA all manufacturing costs, variable or fixed, are included (Ingram, Albright, Hill, 2003).Contribution ApproachIn the CA the cost base consists of the variable expenses associated with a product. The mark-up used must include the fixed costs considering the desired profit per unit. The cost base must be unplowed free of any element of fixed costs facilitating the pricing in special situations (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005).In this paper the CA is not considered in detail.Absorption Cost ApproachIn the ACA the cost base is defined as the cost to manufacture a single unit. The selling and administration costs which are not included in the cost base are considered in the mark-up stage that is added on to the target selling price (Guilding, Drury, Tayles, 2005).The ACA illustrates the pricing decision as deceitfully easy. It seems that a company only has to calculate its UPC, determine the profit level they want and set the price.It appears that a company can contract demand and nonplus at a price that will safely yield whatever profit it wants (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 760).The ACA depends on unit sales predictions and nor the UPC nor the mark-up can be determined without them. In this approach it is anticipated that customers need the predicted unit sales and are willing to pay any price the firm stipulates. But customers have a election as they can either purchase from a competitor or decide not to buy the product at all if the price is set too high (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010).Determine Mark-up for Absorption Cost ApproachA mark-up is the percentage added to cost for profit, whereas the margin is the percentage of the selling price that is represented by p rofit (Collier, 2009, p. 173).The ACA and CA both bury some cost elements in the mark-up. The mark up percentage has not only to cover the buried costs but also has to generate a satisfying return on assets employed (Erner, 2010). The mark-up over cost ought to be set according to the market conditions, but many firms rest their mark-up upon desired profit and cost (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010).The formula for determining the right mark-up percentage by applying the ACA is as follows (Garrison, Noreen, Brewer, 2010, p. 759)Mark-up % = (required RoI x investment)+ selling and administrative expenses/ (UPC x unit sales)Adjust Price to Market ConditionsThe final stage considers adjusting the prices pursuant to the market conditions. The CPP usually tends to ignore the relationship between the price and the volume to be produced which in turn can result in lower profits, insufficient demand etc. Thus the sales forecasts need to be met in rule for the pricing to be reliable. The fi nal selling price may be much higher than the figure received due to the mark-up stage as companies (can) ignore the competitive positioning, promotional strategy, product differentiation, packaging etc. (Erner, 2010).Practical ExampleTo illustrate an example2of CPP using ACA it is assumed that Company X just underwent some design modifications for their product Y and wants to set a selling price accordingly. The cost estimates are as followsThe first step in ACA is to calculate the UPC which is illustrated in the following calculation. Here it adds up to 23.50 per unit as a volume of 10 000 units is assumed for Company XSeveral companies set their profit on costs and desired profits. This can be illustrated by using the given formula for mark-up percentage for ACA (see 2.2 Determine Mark-up).To illustrate how the formula is applied, assume Company X invests 100 000 in operating assets like e.g. equipment to produce and market 10 000 units of the product each year. Further suppose Company X needs 20% RoI. So the mark-up calculations are as followsMark-up % = (20% x 100 000)+ ( 2 per unit x 10 000 units + 60 000)/ ( 23.50 per unit x 10 000 units) 42.55%The Mark-up of 42.55% resulted to a tail Selling Price of 33.50. Only if Company X really sells its 10 000 units at this price the products ROI will be 20%. Logically the ROI will step-down if fewer products are sold. The betoken volume of sales is achieved only when the required ROI will be reached.

How Do Eye witness Testimonials Affect Jury Decision Making

How Do Eye witness Testimonials Affect Jury purpose MakingA mock- instrument panel scenario was conducted to evaluate the effects that eye-witness testimonies had on 139 participants. In order to view the true affects the testimonies have on decision making process, eye-witness testimonies were manipulated into 3 diverse categories (credible eye-witness, ignore eye-witness and no eye-witness). Evidence by the prosecution and defence sides were in addition presented and were consistent across the three independent variable groups. In the past numerous theorist felt that inconsistencies in eye-witnesses testimonies have been the bring in of many wrongful convictions (Neufeld, 2008 Wagstaff et al., 2003). These past beliefs have resulted in the development of this arena and the hypothesis that, having any fall apart of eye-witness present would cause a dramatic influence in generating more vicey verdicts by the participants. withal the matter results were found to be inconcl usive in supporting our hypothesis and possible reasons for this, as well as incoming studies were discussed.How Do Eye-witness Testimonials Affect Jury Decision Making?In a courtroom, panel members are presented with many forms of evidence in order to help manipulate the decision making process. A commonly used form of evidence that is presented by the prosecution side is called an eye-witness testimony. An eye-witness testimony is an observation that a third party had to a crime or incident that took place. The eye-witness will testify as to what they maxim and also try to identify who committed the crime.As stated by Bradfield and Wells (2000), in 1972 in the case of Neil vs Biggers the court declared that for an eye-witness testimony to be valid, 5 criterias had to be met. These were (1) certainty of comics identification, (2) quality of view the witnesses reports having of the surmise, (3) attention paid to shady, (4) the degree to which the witnesses description of suspec t match that of defendant and (5) time that has elapsed amid witnessing crime and identification of suspect. These 5 criteria were later known as the 5 Biggers criteria.According to Rutledge (2001), eye-witness testimonies in most cases are amongst the most important forms of evidence that is presented. However it must(prenominal) be contrasted that although testimonies are an aid for decision making, there is a wide acceptance that eye-witness evidence is frequently undependable and inaccurate (Neuschatz et al., 2007 Rutledge, 2001). Scholars have theorised that the acceptances of unreliable testimonies by jury members are largely the result of the high confidence level displayed by eye-witness at correctly identifying the suspect, when in fact they were incorrect (Luss Wells, 1994 Wells, Ferguson Lindsay, 1981).A possible cause to explain how these high confidence levels develop in an eye-witness has been linked to what theorist call the feedback effect. It was shown that fee dback comments by police such as, well do or good, you identified him during interviewing process, had dramatic effects on the eye-witnesses confidence (Luss Wells, 1994 Wells Bradfield, 1998).Koriat, Lichtenstein and Fischhoff (1980, as cited in Wells, Ferguson Lindsay, 1981), went further and stated that this feedback led to eye-witnesses thinking of reasons that further support the decision they have made regarding who they identified and the circumstances of the crime they felt they had observed.Rattner (1988, as cited in Bradfield Wells, 2000), further states that acceptance of mistaken identification is the largest single cause of wrongful conviction. Rattners statement was further demonstrated by mock-jury studies undertaken where it was shown that although there were inconsistencies in eye-witness testimonies, the majority of jury members delivered a verdict that the defendant was immoral (Lindsay, Wells OConnor, 1989 Wagstaff et al., 2003). and so because of the ever- increasing debate as to the reliability and validity of the statements made and the consequences it has in the jury decision making process, research into eye-witness testimonies is a valuable area of study.In the study it was hypothesised that firstly, having any sort of eye-witness will incur more guilty verdicts over non guilty verdicts. second, it is hypothesised that with the presentation of a witness, the prospect or confidence level that the suspect is guilty should increase over that of having no witness. Therefore the more credible a witness is, the more probability the participants should show of having a guilty verdict. modeParticipantsThe study comprised a total of 139 PYB 102 students from Queensland University of Technology. Participants were recruited for this study by means of a consented volunteering process held during a tutorial session. The total number of students comprised of 107 females and 32 males whose age sphere varied between 17 to 51 years of age. This equates to an average age of 21.8 years and a standard deviation of 7.5 years.DesignAll participants were presented with an identical job by the prosecution and defence lawyers, however the information regarding the eye-witness testimony were altered for participants to form 3 different points of view regarding the eye-witness testimony. Therefore, the independent variables in this study were the 3 different arguments that were presented regarding eye-witness testimonies (no eye-witness, discredited eye-witness and a credible eye-witness). The 2 dependent variables which were the outcomes of this study were the guilty or not guilty verdicts and the participants probability (confidence level) at the suspect committing the crime. naturalParticipants were given a sheet stating the crime scenario with relevant facts about the crime, suspect, circumstances of the arrest and evidence presented to jury in court. Other materials used in this study were pen and paper questionnaire. The que stionnaire required a choice between a guilty or non guilty verdict along with a probability of guilt ranking from 0% to 100%.ProcedureEach participant received information regarding a crime scenario. Information given, stated how the crime took place and how the suspect was arrested. Participants were also advised by the prosecution side of the evidence that was found in the suspects possession or on suspects hands and shoes. The defence team also presented their side, stating a counter-reason behind the evidence and possessions being claimed by the prosecution side. Participants were also given information regarding eye-witness testimonies.The information regarding eye-witness testimonies were used as an independent variable in the study and were altered into 3 scenarios which affected the accuracy of the testimonies. Group 1 was presented with information that had no eye-witness statements while group 2 was presented with an eye-witness who had witnessed the crime but was not wea ring his glasses at the time and was legally declared blind. Group 3 was presented with an eye-witness who claimed to have seen the incident and had no issues regarding his sight.After being presented with all the information, participants were asked to do two separate tasks. Task 1 was a categorical task whereby participant had to select whether they felt the suspect was guilty or not guilty. The indorse task was to numerically state the probability that the suspect was guilty. This confidence level had a possible value which ranged from 0% probability (absolutely not confident that suspect committed the crime) to 100% probability (absolutely confident the crime was committed by suspect).ResultsTable 1 shows the decisions made by participants of guilty vs not guilty, while circuit card 2 shows how probable the participants felt the suspect was guilty based on the eye-witness testimonies they were presented.Table 1.Decisions Made by Participants Based on Eye Witness Testimony.data -based Condition Guilty Not GuiltyNo witness 15 (33%) 30(67%)Eye-witness 21(45%) 26(55%)Discredited eye-witness 7(15%) 40(85%)Table 2.Probability that Participants Felt Suspect was Guilty Based on Eye-Witness Testimony.Experimental Probability suspect StandardCondition Is Guilty DeviationNo witness 45.22 22.36Eye-witness 50.10 21.93Discredited eye-witness 36.38 19.24DiscussionResults found that the percentage differences in guilty verdicts across all three groups were statistically significant using a chi-square test of independence which concluded that p = 0.007 existed ( x2 (2, N=139) = 9.94). Also the only probability or confidence level that was shown to be significant using independent sample t-test was only apparent between the difference in the eye-witness group and discredited eye-witness group.It was found that participants had a higher percentage of not guilty votes when presented with either a credible witness or a discredited witness and therefrom the first hypothesis h as been found to be inconclusive. As stated by Hosch, Beck, and McIntyre (1980), a majority of not guilty verdicts may have been chosen by jurors not because they felt that the defendant was innocent, rather they may have felt the evidence and eye witness testimonies had not proven guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.The second hypothesis was also found to be inconclusive in that although we expected having an eye-witness (discredited or credible) would have a higher probability or confidence level than having no eye-witness, our results contradicted this by showing that the no eye-witness group had more guilty verdicts than the discredited eye-witness group. However, in partial support of the second hypothesis, it must be noted that having a credible eye-witness did produce a higher probability of guilt than having no eye-witness.This outcome could be explained by the fact that participants silent the implications of guilty verdicts based on information which do not prove beyond a rea sonable doubt. another(prenominal) point to note is participants have approach path to internet websites that highlight information regarding suspects who were originally guilty due to evidence such as eye-witness testimonies, but have been exonerated through DNA testing.As supported on their website by Scheck and Neufeld (2008), eye-witness identification is frequently inaccurate and that eye-witness misidentification is the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions that were overturned through DNA testing.Another study which supports the second hypothesis is summarised by Kennedy and Haygood (1992), who states the discrediting of an eye-witness will undermine any influence the witness had on the decision making process.Limitations of this study included factors such as the study was a theoretical case and hadnt truly represented all factors that would be presented in a real courtroom, this included the limited evidence presented. Another point to note is that because of the t heoretical example, participants couldnt incorporate true emotions that jurors felt when presented with in-depth evidence in real court situations such as the violent nature of crimes.Secondly participants with prior exposure to jury exposure may have a different outlook to decision making compared to participants who havent had previous exposure. These limitations could help devise future studies by comparing studies with only non-exposed jury participants against exposed participants.In summary, it has been found that this study was inconclusive to determine if the hypothesis could truly be rejected. Therefore it would be advisable to perform further studies in the future in order to further develop a better understanding on how eye-witness testimonials affect jury decision making process.

A Jungian Reading of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essay

A Jungian Reading of Beowulf This essay will propose an alternative subject matter by which to examine the distinctive fusion of historical, mythological, and poetic elements that make up the whole of Beowulf. Jeffrey Helterman, in a 1968 essay, Beowulf The Archetype Enters History, first recognized Grendel as a representation of the Shadow archetype and identified Grendels mother as an archetypal Anima image I wish to extend the scope of the reading by suggesting that the dragon, too, represents an archetype the archetype of the Self. stern Miles Foley, in his landmark 1977 essay Beowulf and the Psychohistory of Anglo-Saxon Culture, first suggested that the progression of battles between man and monster in Beowulf symbolically recalls the important myth, the monomyth, which recounts both the process of undivided psychological growth and the development of universal human consciousness. I will explore in greater detail the judgment that the progression of battles specifically r epresents the process of individual psychological development through which the ego confronts personal archetypes in order to achieve complete self-knowledge the process of individuation. match to Jung, an archetype represents certain instinctive data of the dark, primitive psychereal but invisible roots of consciousness (9,i271). He notes that the ultimate core of importee may be circumscribed, but not described, as elements represented by the archetypal image remain unconscious yet he also proposes that the individual psyche responds to the presence of the archetype by imprinting it with its own psychic material, thus creating a series of images informed by both universal understand and personal experience. Jung compares the origina... ...arry, Jr., and H. Marshall Leicester, Jr. Social Structure as Doom The Limits of Heroism in Beowulf. In Old English Studies in Honor of John C. Pope. Eds. Robert B. Burlin and Edward B. Irving, Jr. Pp 37-79.Foley, John Miles. Beowulf and the Ps ychohistory of Anglo-Saxon Culture. AmericanImago 34(1977) 133-153.Helterman, Jeffrey. Beowulf the Archetype Enters History. English Literary History 35(1968) 1-20.Hume, Kathryn. The Theme and Structure of Beowulf. Studies in Philology 72(January 1975) 1-27.Jung, Carl G. The Collected Works of Carl Jung. R.F.C. Hull, trans. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1953-1971.Niles, John. Beowulf The numbers and its Tradition. Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, 1983.Thormann, Janet. Beowulf and the Enjoyment of Violence. Literature and Psychology 431(1997) 65-76.

The Central Intelligence Agency and the Bay of Pigs Invasion :: Cuba, Fidel Castro

The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one ofmismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the loser of the operation falls directly in the lap of the CentralIntelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall outfrom the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two greatsuperpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that theinvasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To recognizethe origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it isfirst necessary to look at the invasion and its origins.Part I The Invasion and its Origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few eld before onApril 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cubanair force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cubanmilitary bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad,San Antonio de los Baos and Antonio Maceo airport at S antiago de Cuba werefired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven peoplewere killed at another(prenominal) sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect tothe United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile,in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were. . . carried out by Cubans inside Cuba who were in contact with thetop command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Timesreporter covering the story alluded to something universe wrong with the wholesituation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming ifthe pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . asuspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . .. Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, onelanded at Key western hemisphere Naval Air Station at 700 a.m. and the other at MiamiInternational Airport at 820 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and theirtanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the nextday, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one ofthe pilots engrossed in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, hisname was withheld.