Illusion vs. Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay

Illusion vs. Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, contains multiple themes. While there are many themes, the theme that holds the element together is illusion versus reality. This theme is established very quickly, In fact, the first paragraph of the tomboy describes the illusions to take place, But I am the opposite of a stage musician. He seduces you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion (1866). During Toms monologue, he discusses the premise of the play when it takes place, who the characters are, and how the play is to be perceived (as a memory). His reference to illusion is not used as to describe any of the plays specific events, but rather to subtly give weight to the plays ideas. Although the play itself is an illusion of reality, Tom says that there is truth behind the illusion. We use this as a sort of flashlight as we enter the play. We speculate it a round, looking for the truth Tom speaks of. We also seek the plays realities and illusions. Williams, by stating this idea in the beginning, focuses the readers mind into such a state that he will unconsciously look for what Williams knows is already there-- the conflict of reality versus illusion. We will look at the characters one by one, determining each of their realities and illusions. This will help to establish wherefore Williams chose this as a central theme, and what the resolution of these ideas are. Because Amanda plays such a large part in the play, we will start with her. Amandas life is much illusion. She establishes this right away(predicate) when she begins to reminisce of the south and her nume... ...rld of Tennessee Williams. Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1965. Jolemore, Nancy. Lecture Notes and Study Guide Questions for Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie. Old Dominion University. 18 January 2000. 29 June 2000. <http//courses.lib.odu.edu/engl/n jolemor>. Kolin, Philip C. Tennessee Williams A Guide to Research and Performance. Westport Greenwood Press, 1998. Presley, Delma E. An American Memory. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1990. Reser, Rob. A Touch of Glass. 29 June 2000. <http//www.filmspot.com/glassmenagerie.html>. Roudane, Matthew C. The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins. 1999. pp.1865-1908.

Representation of Breast Cancer :: Cancer Health Photography Essays

Representation of Breast Cancer Palimpsest is defined as awrittendocument, typically on vellum or parchment, that has been writtenupon severaltimes, often with remnants of earlier, imperfectly erased writingstill visible,remnants of this kind being a major source for the recovery of lostliteraryworks of classical antiquity (American Heritage Dictionary). Thisdefinitionprovides a way to think over the intersection of photography withbreast pubic louse asa medical condition, a personal trial, and a discourse. As breast cancerstatistics approach one ineight women, critics are beginning to theorize the ways in whichthe disease isnot only a health condition but a psycho-social and a culturalcondition. Themedical world develops a particular set of descriptions of andreactions topatients health conditions, plot individuals,families and groupsgeneratetheir own responses and vocabulary. In addition, larger patterns ofaction anddiscussion also shape and are shaped by culture, t hat is,society(s),lifestyles, media and artistic and literary production. Breastcancertherefore merits a better understanding of the forces ofrepresentation whichdefine the disease itself and its sufferers. Here I aim to examinethe interplayspecifically of photography with representation of breast cancerand breastcancer bodies. Part of the challenge of this project, and indeedits point isthat breast cancer photography is still not raise in majorhistories ofphotography, or even anthologies of womens photography. Itstradition lies inx-rays, MRIs and collections of medical photographs designed forthe purposes ofdocumentation or instruction, or, alternately, in scattered exhibitions or collections. This history has only very recently been reclaim and written differently by women photographers and writers, and feminist academics and activists. I have deliberately chosen two photographs whose subject involves some type of writing literally on the bodyas a way ofconcentrating my dis cussion of the issues involved when photography attempts to process or project experiences of breast cancer, or shape publicperceptions ofthe disease. In this essay, which is part of a more than extensiveinvestigation, I will begin some readings focusing on how two womens work incombined image andtext points to desire and agency. The photographs have both strongsimilaritiesin their re-writing on and of the breast cancer body, and markeddifferences intheir attitudes and intentions. In each case, the photograph itselfis worthlooking at closely as a photograph on its own, yet the text whichaccompanieseach of them--the book it originally appears in with itsdescription of theimage or its production--crucially shapes the meaning of thephotograph. I usethe paradigm of the palimpsest in both fairly literal andmetaphorical ways inorder to look at several questions 1.

A Defence of Individual Autonomy in a Multination Liberal State Essay

A Defence of Individual Autonomy in a Multination Liberal State Liberalism is committed to protecting the freedom to choose, question and revise unmatcheds own institution of the good life. For this reason, liberalism defends (among many other things) freedom of conscience, expression and association, as well as mandatory, universal education. In Multicultural Citizenship, go forth Kymlicka argues that the res publica is also obligated to ensure that the lifestyle options which are made available to an individual so that she can choose, question and revise her own conception of the good life, are meaningful to her by being understood by her in relation to her own societal culture. He concludes, therefore, that in a multination liberal state, self-government rights should be granted to national minorities in order to guarantee that their members will have access to their own societal culture. However, in the moorage of an illiberal national minority, granting them the rights necessary to preserve their own societal culture will result in violations of the individual rights of their members. This is a serious problem for liberalism. Kymlicka proposes that we moldiness accept such violations because the liberal state is not entitled to impose liberal values and practices on to a national minority. He suggests that the state should gain the voluntary liberalisation of the illiberal culture from within, and is only justified in using force in order to prevent severe violations of individual rights. In this paper I will argue that Kymlickas approach is lacking in some areas. I will argue that a multination liberal state should not grant self-government rights to a previously non-self-governing illiberal national minority unless the individual r... ...ial obligation, which does not apply to foreign nations, to take further steps, as outlined above, to their neighbouring fellow human beings.Endnotes1 Will Kymlicka (1995), Multicultural Citizenship, (Clarendo n Press, Oxford). p.76 2 Ibid., p.90 3 Avishai Margalit and Joseph Raz (1990), National Self-Determination, Jounal of Philosophy, 87/9 439-61. p.447-9 4 Supra, note 1, p.89 5 Ibid., p.836 Ronald Dworkin (1985), A Matter of Principle, (Harvard University Press, London). p.231 7 Supra, note 1, p.78 8 Ibid., p.168 9 Ibid., p.169 BibliographyRonald Dworkin (1985), A Matter of Principle, (Harvard University Press, London).Will Kymlicka (1995), Multicultural Citizenship, (Clarendon Press, Oxford).Avishai Margalit and Joseph Raz (1990), National Self-Determination, Jounal of Philosophy, 87/9 439-61.

The scarlet letter :: essays research papers

Torment Of MisfortuneThe guilt, hypocrisy, and vengeance revealed in The Scarlet Letter.     In an age of sexual repression and conservatism, there is never room for public say of relationships. Emotions and affection are kept hidden from the public eye. With such limitations there is always an urge to break from what is considered proper. From this, lies and deceit are born to cover our mistakes. Hester Prynne stands lost on a scaffold with her whoreson daughter Pearl, wearing a blazoned scarlet A, making known she is an adulterer. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale stands silent within the on looking crowd as his lover and daughter are to be persecuted. In the far corner, stands Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband quietly embittered at his wifes infidelities. A soiled and twisted love triangle connects these three individuals as Hesters persecution draws near. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses these individuals to exemplify guilt, hypocrisy and vengeance through secrecy and s in in The Scarlet Letter.      Hester Prynne pities the animateness of her daughter Pearl, labeled a child of sin and a product of adultery. Pearl is in essence a real histrionics of the scarlet letter that she bears. Hesters own doing lays out the fate of her child. "Hesters impassioned state had been the medium through which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its moral life and, however white and clear originally, they had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the fiery lustre, the black shadow, and the untempered light of the intervening substance. Above all, the warfare of Hesters spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl." Hester has the power to make things right and announce the identity of Pearls father Arthur Dimmesdale, however she holds back for fear of ruining her partners reputation and esteem. Hester holds commitment to both Pearl and Dimmesdale, she endures the sting of guilt through her silence.    & nbsp Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, a supposed man of god takes silence along with Hester. He is guilty of his sins but more than so guilty of being a walking hypocrisy in his congregation. To rectify his wrongs, he preaches of god and refraining from sin. However he continues to hide his relationship with Hester and denies his illegitimate daughter the privilege of his name. His commitments to the church are a conflict with his feelings of sinfulness and his need to confess. He yearns to confess but fears the negative outcomes. In his subconscious he wishes to tell all his sins, but results in his strong participation in church.

Malaysian :: Business and Management Studies

MalaysianPROTONS bonnet badge shows a tiger, but a fish might be to a greater extentappropriate because the state-backed Malaysian car-maker is going frombeing the largest resident in the small kitty of its protected local grocery store to being a minnow in the deep waters of the global carindustry.the state-backed Malaysian car-maker is going from being the largestresident in the small pond of its protected local market to being aminnow in the deep waters of the global car industryMalaysia becomes a richer, more recognize car market with lower tradebarriersSoutheast asias economy is growing again, and that has triggeredrecord vehicle sales.in Southeast Asia Malaysia is second hootest market after chinawareis clearly the biggest sales opportunity for car manufacturersanywhere in Asia.Just 1 in 35 Indonesians owns a car, compared with 1 in 14 Thais and 1in 7 Malaysians.Right now car purchasers can get loans on a new model with as littleas 5% notes up front. That compares with the 20% down payments commonjust a few years ago.Unlike in China and India, big global auto makers arent flush tobuild manufacturing capacity in high-risk Indonesia.Proton and Perodua are Malaysias two main domestic manufacturers,claiming over 70 percent of a market where demand is estimated ataround 500,000 cars this year. Two other companies also assemble carslocally.While the government continues to encourage small and medium-scaleplayers, there may also be a convey to consider stairs to consolidateamong the many vendors (suppliers) in the automotive industry in orderto gain scale, financial strength and managerial talent to leadinternationally, Najib Razak told the conference.Political system1. governmentWhile the government continues to encourage small and medium-scaleplayers, there may also be a need to consider steps to consolidateamong the many vendors (suppliers) in the automotive industry in orderto gain scale, financial strength and managerial talent to expandinternational ly, Najib Razak told the conference.That suppliers power2. Malaysia drops duties, adds valuateImport duties on cars from outside Southeast Asia will be lowered to35 percent for knocked-down models, and to 80 percent to 200 percenton amply built models, the government said.Malaysia said it would wait until 2008 to further reduce motor vehicleimport duties, to the required range of zero percent to 5 pOn this basis, the government does not expect major price changes inthe cars produced or assembled in Malaysia during 2005. ercent.Market1. Malaysias market is too small to sustain more than one or two domestic car makers, given increasing competition from imports.2. MalaysiaMarket SummaryMalaysia is a member of the Association of South eastmost Asian Nations

Malaysian :: Business and Management Studies

MalaysianPROTONS bonnet badge shows a tiger, but a fish might be moreappropriate because the state-backed Malaysian gondola car-maker is going frombeing the largest resident in the small pond of its protected local market to being a min direct in the deep waters of the global carindustry.the state-backed Malaysian car-maker is going from being the largestresident in the small pond of its protected local market to being aminnow in the deep waters of the global car industryMalaysia becomes a richer, more discerning car market with land tradebarriersSoutheast asias economy is growing again, and that has triggeredrecord vehicle sales.in Southeast Asia Malaysia is second hootest market after chinais clearly the biggest sales opportunity for car manufacturersanywhere in Asia.Just 1 in 35 Indonesians owns a car, compared with 1 in 14 Thais and 1in 7 Malaysians.Right now car purchasers can get loans on a new model with as littleas 5% cash up front. That compares with the 20% take in payme nts commonjust a few years ago.Unlike in China and India, big global auto makers arent rushing tobuild manufacturing capacity in high-risk Indonesia.Proton and Perodua are Malaysias both main domestic manufacturers,claiming over 70 percent of a market where demand is estimated ataround 500,000 cars this year. Two other companies also assemble carslocally.While the political sympathies continues to encourage small and medium-scaleplayers, there may also be a need to consider steps to uniteamong the many vendors (suppliers) in the automotive industry in orderto gain scale, financial strength and managerial talent to expandinternationally, Najib Razak told the conference.Political system1. governmentWhile the government continues to encourage small and medium-scaleplayers, there may also be a need to consider steps to consolidateamong the many vendors (suppliers) in the automotive industry in orderto gain scale, financial strength and managerial talent to expandinternationally, Naj ib Razak told the conference.That suppliers power2. Malaysia drops duties, adds taxImport duties on cars from external Southeast Asia will be lowered to35 percent for knocked-down models, and to 80 percent to 200 percenton fully built models, the government give tongue to.Malaysia said it would wait until 2008 to further reduce motor vehicleimport duties, to the required range of zero percent to 5 pOn this basis, the government does not expect major price changes inthe cars produced or assembled in Malaysia during 2005. ercent.Market1. Malaysias market is too small to sustain more than one or two domestic car makers, given increasing competition from imports.2. MalaysiaMarket SummaryMalaysia is a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations

Comment on the title ‘A Cup of Tea’ Essay

Plan1.Pre-writinga.Gathering information about Katherine Mansfieldb.Revising the texti.Singling out heroesii.Building a timelineiii.Depicting localesiv.Finding phraseology a cup of teac.Revising the analysisi.Stylistic devicesii.SPUsiii.Text structured.Studying meaning (a theme analysis)i.How the message revealsii.What the constitutions learn during the storyiii.What the author feels about the characters and the conflict (Authors Modality)e.Linking the message with the title2.Writing the compositiona.Introductionb.Characters and developmentsc.Messaged.Conclusion3.Verifyinga.Lengthb.SpellingCompositionThe story is written by Katherine Mansfield a famous untested Zealand writer. She is considered one of the great masters of the short-story form. Mansfields stories are poetic, delicate, and ironic they are characterized by a subtle sensitivity to mood and emotion, revealing the inner conflicts her characters formula and resolve. Her style much influenced by that of the Russian write r Anton Chekhov, in turn had great influence on later short-story writing.From the premiere lines we get acquainted with the promoter of the story Rosemary Fell and her husband. The author describes her family and Rosemarys lifestyle They were rich, really rich, not just comfortably well off. The family is one which is called from the top drawer.The next key character the reader encounters is a young beggar girl from the Curzon Street. In contrast with Rosemary the girl is without a penny to her name. She is the one to mention the key phrase for the first time. Would you let me have the price of a cup of tea? Rosemary is extremely surprised by the absence of money. How extraordinary To Rosemary it looks such an calamity like something from an imaginary book. And she asks the girl Come home to tea with me.So here we can trace that a cup of tea is the first thing from which the adventure begins. In fact, they meet each other because of the girls intense desire to have money for th e price of a cup of tea. So a cup of tea plays key role in the plot it allows the two women meet each other. And Rosemary invites her using convention of tea drinking as a pretext. Come home with me now in my car and have tea.After the meal with tea Miss Smith transforms into something undeniable attractive. When the tea-table was carried away a new being, a light, frail creature with tangled hair, dark lips, deep, lighted eyes Then Philip appears, he knows his wife well and clearly sees what this is all about. He plays on his wifes jealousy and makes this mischievous adventure stop.The author tries to underline the gap between the rich and the poor. The authors modality shows that theres nothing kind in this irregular adventure which began upon the pretext of having a cup of tea. To break social standards is thrilling when you read about it in books but it wont do in real life. As a result, the a cup of tea adventure leads to Rosemarys inner conflict she asks herself whether Philip thinks she is pretty or he is so dazzled by the beggar girl.To height it all, the title a cup of tea corresponds to the main developments of the story. Its is like a universal symbol which helps to unite the key occurrences and make the plot look natural.Bibliography1.http//www.studyguide.org/mansfield_cup_of_tea.htm2.Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. either rights reserved.3.http//www.ingilish.com/stylisticanalysis.htm4.English by Correspondance Vesnik D.A. Moscow, 1976

Sin Taxes Are One of the More Controversial Taxes Out There

Sin assesses ar one of the more than contr all everywheresial app mug upes out there. They are basically a form of indirect evaluat extinguishion (which has its pros and cons) on goods and ope cast which society considers to be moral ills. As a general rule, it is unwise for the disposal to interfere in populates lives more than is necessary to enforce the rights of others. Libertarians rightly anticipate why we should punish wad for making decisions about(predicate) their accept lives even if the majority says we should, that doesnt coerce it right. Sin taxationes, though they rarely select conventional political economy cited as a defence of them, actually do wear sound economic backing however.In fact, a libertarian should support perdition taxes, because they correct an infringement of case-by-case rights. Common examples of wickedness taxes are taxes on cigarettes and intoxicant. Choo underworldg to consume these goods is an respective(prenominal) decision should the government be involved and actively attempt to reduce their consumption? The dress is yes, because of the external cost not accounted for in the price of these goods. Without taxes, the price of a pack of cigarettes would not account for second-hand smoke and the wedge of cigarette smoking on the wellness and lovement of others.Likewise, the price of alcohol does not include the costs of things analogous drunk driving and other general impairment of ones faculties which can cohere a menace to society. It is the individual who is stultificationed by a drunkard who cannot react quickly enough to avoid an acci speck. A logical conclusion might be to even extend the blurt out tax to other things. Libertarians in a number of countries have been campaigning for the legalisation of drugs because they believe that the choice to use drugs is an individual one which the government has no right to interfere in.I personally am not inclined to take a hearty stand on this is sue, barely if I were to side with the libertarians (which is my natural inclination), I would nevertheless(prenominal) also support a steep sin tax on drugs. Cocaine and marijuana have similar effects on society as cigarettes and drugs (some research indicates that marijuana smoke may be more dangerous than cigarette smoke). It only makes experience to tax their consumption to internalise their external costs. There is a time and place for everything under the sun, and that includes government intrusion on individual decisions.When your decision has an impact on others, the price of that decision must account for the potential costs and benefits it go forth bring about. health officials grappling with the obesity epidemic have debated a entire range of approaches to helping slim the the Statesn waistline. To some degree, everything from building more sidewalks to banning chocolate milk has been explored. Yet few tactics have been as polarizing as the possibility of introducing tariffs on treats.Despite endorsement from several respected obesity researchers and politicians, soda taxes, for example, have been subject to severe scrutiny, as critics protested that implementing a tax before verifying that it would achieve the end result was shortsighted and potentially overreaching. So, in attempt to determine salutary how sin taxes might impact peoples forage choices, psychologists from the University of Buffalo decided to put debris regimen levies to the testin the lab. Researchers recruited shoppers to peruse the aisles of a mock supermarket filled with 68 common foods labeled with nutritional information.Participants were legislaten a predetermined amount of cash, and were told to use that money to purchase a weeks value of groceries for a family. The first time, all of the products on the shelves were priced in safekeeping with local supermarkets. In subsequent trips, however, fling food was taxedan additional 12. 5%, then 25% or healthier foods were subsidized to reduce cost. The study, published in the journal Psychological acquaintance revealed that taxes were more effective at getting people to avoid certain products than subsidies were at prompting healthier food purchases.In scenarios where junk foods were taxed, study participants generally came a warmnessing with a lower caloric total for their groceries, and a senior high schooler ratio of protein to fats and carbohydrates. Yet, in situations where healthy foods were subsidized, the savings were frequently fagged on additional junk food. That is, instead of stocking up on more fruits and vege control boards because they were cheaper, the studys shoppers bought their veggies, and then apply the leftover cash to bring home extra treats care chips and soda.In the end, the subsidies-only scenarios resulted in higher total kilocalorie counts, and didnt result in overall nutritional improvement on the weeks groceries. Because the scenario is hypothetical, the find ings certainly shouldnt be taken as the closing word in the sin tax debate, the researchers stress, but should instead be used to inform the ongoing discussion about practical way of lifes to passage of arms obesity. To that end, they say, the next step should be research to determine whether these results would be replicated in the real world. Read more http//healthland. ime. com/2010/02/25/would-junk-food-taxes-really-make-people-eat-better/ixzz1Bv8WDv91 Im not a fan of paying higher taxes. Nor am I a fan of people going without health insurance. As weve heard over and over on the 6 oclock bare-asseds and political debates, our current health anguish system cannot continue along its present course and represents a overserious threat to the health of the U. S. economy. Therefore, Im reluctant to admit that substantial forms will be required (both monetary and personal responsibility) if we picture on fixture our future.Unfortunately, we are living in an era where we are s o concerned about offending someone that were willing to turn a blur eye to the obvious, and withhold what must be said until were among the safety net of our supporters or behind the security of a computer screen. The Case For high Taxes to Pay Health Care Costs At present, the likelihood that higher taxes will become a necessary evil to pay for government sponsored health care is gaining ground. Personally, it really doesnt bother me all that a lot.If called upon in the future, Im willing to pay a slightly higher tax rate so uninsured Americans can have access to life saving drugs or little Danny falls off his bike and breaks his arm. No problem, happy do it, just play me a patriotic song and tell me Im doing my part for the good ol Red, White Blue. Heck, Ill might even enjoy it. As long as the people getting it actually deserve it then(prenominal) comes a red-hots report which says the Obesity Epidemic in America is still going strong. Obesity in America NBC News. Obesity in America Diabetes Related Illnesses a Threat to Medicare.Should Junk Food Have a Sin Tax / Fat Tax? When we, as a nation, are discussing future budget crises partly because we cant push ourselves away from the table I think we might need to reassess the problem. Most of the things that are considered bad for you in the U. S. come with a regulatory agency warning label, and peradventure a sin tax. Goods like cigarettes, alcohol, and even gasoline, have an additional sin tax attached to them because theyre (arguably) bad for us in their own curious ways. Not to mention, theyre a cash cow for the tax man. So why should junk food be any different?Its well known that sugar stuffed goodies or chocolate covered yumyums are contributing to the obesity epidemic. Why should food that possesses little nutritional value but contributes to the crabby person/diabetes/heart disease epidemic be immune from taxation? Better yet, why should the people who consume these foods (if you can call the m that) eat significantly more of them compared to the population mean, have a body mass index greater than 30%, and still get access to the same government sponsored health care that everyone else is supposed to get when they retire?Moreover, be eligible for disability insurance solely because of their encumbrance and checkup conditions directly related to their eating habits. Why should junk food mega-consumers be allowed to contribute as much in taxes as much as the next person, but indulge in a modus vivendi that will undoubtedly cause them to take more out of the Medicare system than they actually contributed during their working years. Critics will (correctly) say that these individuals will die off originally than normal resulting in lower overall health care costs.However, considering that medicine is constantly extending the human lifespan and the cost of medical care/drugs will eer increase, its an arguable debate at best. This situation hardly seems fair to the majori ty of the population, and because of that, its a viable question and should be pushed to the forefront. In a fair and just society (which were supposed to live in), those who spend more in the end should be expected to pay more upfront. right on? A National Sin Tax of 2% for Junk Food? What if, just for arguments sake, a 2% fat tax was placed on anything stance the label junk food?When an item would be purchased at the grocery store, a mandatory 2% sin tax was added to the item just like everyday gross sales tax. It will be used to fund Medicare deficits, educating the general worldly concern against an unhealthy diet, as well as providing temporary financial care to anyone who cant afford medical care. After all, this sin tax will target the majority of people who are, or likely will be, posing a greater risk to the sustainability of government sponsored health care (e. g. Medicare). Then again, is a 2% sin tax enough?How about a 5%? An extra quarter for a bag of Doritos or Sn ickers bar doesnt seem that bad. Does it? It is a powderkeg of a debate just wait to go off, but because of political correctness, no one wants to bring it up. Considering our present situation (severe recession, financial crisis, record numbers of uninsured, etc), its a debate worth having regardless of the hurt feelings and political fallout. Then again, perhaps complaining about our problems while doing nothing to solve them is just the new way American way.A alleged(prenominal) sin tax is a tax which is specifically levied against products or services that a society has identified as harmful or undesirable, but not so harmful or undesirable that they can or should be banned outright (i. e. prohibition). Common sin taxes include those on alcohol and tobacco, although those regulations which pull through in places that have legalized but restricted gambling or prostitution can also be referred to as sin taxes. The purpose of a sin tax is found in economic theory it intends to r educe consumption of the undesirable good by change magnitude the price.Sin taxes are currently levied against a wide variety of social ills which are considered not so serious that they need to be prohibited. Prostitution (in many countries), cocaine, and marijuana are pitifulized in most countries, for instance, but alcohol and tobacco are not. In American history, the Prohibition era demonstrated that alcohol could be eliminated from society only at extremely high cost, and in large part alcohol was not eliminated, but simply driven underground onto the black market. Sin taxes are seen as a way of reducing the frequency of socially harmful behaviour without creating an underground criminal economy.This is the approach taken when charging taxes on alcohol, cigarettes, in some countries marijuana and other supposedly mild drugs, and in some current proposals on soft drinks and other sugar-rich junk foods for public health reasons. In economic theory, a sin tax is also known as a sumptuary tax or a Pigovian tax a tax which attempts to reduce the collective social harm from a buck private economic transaction by raising the price of that transaction. The law of turn in and demand indicates that when a price for a good or service goes up, more producers will be willing to supply it, but fewer purchasers will be willing to buy it.At the same time, when the price for a good does down, more purchasers will buy it, but fewer producers will be willing to make it in the first place. A tax does both the end price of the good ends up artificially high so that few people buy it, but the actual money which goes to the seller (i. e. price minus tax) is held artificially low, so that fewer producers enter the market. Normally economists consider this a generally negative impact of taxation, but in the case of sin taxes, it is seen as a positive since the purpose of the sin tax is to reduce or even eliminate the harmful behaviour, rather than to encourage economicgrowth .In theory, a sin tax raises the price of the undesirable good without increasing the profits to the producer. With the price having risen, fewer people will be willing to buy the good. Overall, this results in a general reduction in consumption compared to what it would have been on the free market. Particularly in countries with advanced social welfare networks, the argument is also often made that sin taxes help society directly by producing a pool of money to pay for the consequences of undesirable activity.For example, tobacco cigarettes cause lung malignant neoplastic disease which, in almost all advanced countries except the United States, is treated with public funds. Sin taxes on cigarettes create a pool of money out of which lung cancer treatments can be funded, so that non-smokers are not covering the costs of lung cancer through their income taxes. At the same time, in practice jurisdictions which have sin taxes must balance the benefits of a higher sin tax (in terms o f reducing the harmful behaviour) with the risk of creating black markets.Black markets, or underground economies, commonly supply illegal goods in all countries, including illegal drugs. Black markets can only do so at increased cost, to cover risks,pay border smugglers and organized criminal organizations, cover losses to law enforcement, and so on. However, if the added cost of the black market is less than the added cost of the sin tax, then sin taxes may lead to a large underground economy. In some regions of Canada, for example, cigarette smuggling is a profitable activity due to high taxes on cigarettes.Black market cigarettes are produced on Aboriginal reserves or smuggled across the border from the United States. In addition to this practical problem of managing sin taxes (which must paradoxically be high enough to be effective but low enough to prevent black markets from emerging), there is also an opposition argument from libertarians who reason out that the government sh ould not be interfering with individual citizens freedom to choose how to spend their money when their choices fundamentally involve harm to themselves rather than harm to others.Of course, this rests on the conjecture that the principal social evils of alcohol and tobacco consumption are liver cirrhosis and lung cancer suffered by drinkers and smokers themselves, rather than the smaller number of bystanders struck by drunk drivers or stricken with cancer from second-hand smoke. Taxing snacks The pros and the cons Diet-to-Go Meal Delivery $25 Off 1st Weeks Order with Coupon calorielab25?A proposal by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick to levy a 5 percent surcharge tax on sugar-laden snacks and beverages, pitched by his office as a critical first step in discouraging the consumption of these empty calories, has raised again some basic questions about the wisdom and practicality of sumptuous sin taxes to reduce the publics usage of certain commodities. A quick review of some of t hem, with attempts at receptions. Isnt this just another revenue-raising scheme disguised as a health issue?True to some extent even the Massachusetts public health commissioner admitted that the primary goal of the tax is to provide money to province coffers. But that money, which is expected to run more than $40 million a year, will be used to fund public health services, some of which will probably involve weight-reduction programs. Will it actually motivate people to consume fewer sodas and candy bars and the like? Ordinarily, the answer would be not much, and not enough to significantly lower the states obesity numbers.There are already 33 states that charge sales taxes on soft drinks or candy, mostly around 4 to 6 percent, and studies of the sales charts indicate that those amounts are too small to put a meaningful dent in public consumption. To really accomplish that, take a leaf from the imposition of cigarette taxes, which did in fact cut into tobacco sales because of th eir turn off size of the taxes, which often amounted to $2 or more per pack. A Harvard experiment found that, given a big enough tax on honeyed sodas in that case, 35 percent sales thereof tanked by fully 20 percent, even as sales of non-taxed diet sodas rose.So why not make it a 35 percent tax? Because no legislature would ever go for something that draconian. First, its hard to sell the premise that Cokes and Hershey bars are cigarette-level health hazards and legitimate targets for hypertaxing. Second, its hard to sell any tax increases whatsoever during a Recession of a Lifetime 5 percent is as much as Governor Patrick thought he could get away with. But the economic downturn may change the basic math, here. For the same financial reasons that a large tax is out of the question, a small tax may actually gain some clout.Sure, another 5 percent wont change peoples behavior under normal economic conditions, but at a time when people have begun raising their own vegetables and c utting their kids hair to save a few bucks, an extra nickel per soda or Snickers bar might get a lot of people rethinking that impulse purchase. It might also mean that any tax at all would be politically unacceptable right now. Then we might give some thought to the Australian Variation, where theyre calling for the tax on low-alcohol beer to be abolished, as an incentive for the notoriously thirsty Aussies to cut their overall alcohol intake.An American adaptation of that might have those states that currently tax food products eliminate the tax for low-fat, low-cal, low-sugar dietary soft drinks, candy, snack foods and so forth. Write or e-mail your legislator. (Ironically, the proposed Massachusetts law would tax both regular and diet items equally. Tsk tsk. Back to the drawing board, Governor. ) Senate leaders are considering new federal taxes on soda and other sugary drinks to help pay for an overhaul of the nations health-care system.The taxes would pay for only a fraction of the cost to expand health-insurance coverage to all Americans and would face strong opposition from the beverage industry. They also could spark a backlash from consumers who would have to pay several cents more for a soft drink. On Tuesday, the Senate Finance committee is set to hear proposals from about a dozen experts about how to pay for the comprehensive health-care overhaul that President Barack Obama wants to enact this year. Early estimates put the cost of the plan at around $1. 2 trillion. The administration has so far only earmarked funds for about half of that amount.The Center for Science in the Public Interest, a Washington-based watchdog group that pressures food companies to make healthier products, plans to propose a federal excise tax on soda, certain fruit drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks and ready-to-drink teas. It would not include most diet beverages. Excise taxes are levied on goods and manufacturers typically pass them on to consumers. Senior staff membe rs for some Democratic senators at the center of the effort to craft health-care legislation are weighing the idea behind closed doors, Senate aides said.The Congressional Budget Office, which is providing lawmakers with cost estimates for each potential change in the health overhaul, included the option in a broad report on health-system financing in December. The office estimated that adding a tax of three cents per 12-ounce serving to these types of sweetened drinks would generate $24 billion over the next four years. So far, lawmakers have not indicated how big a tax they are considering. Proponents of the tax cite research showing that consuming sugar-sweetened drinks can lead to obesity, diabetes and other ailments.They say the tax would lower consumption, reduce health problems and save medical costs. At least a dozen states already have some type of taxes on sugary beverages, said Michael Jacobson, executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest. Soda is clearly one of the most harmful products in the food supply, and its something government should discourage the consumption of, Mr. Jacobson said. The main beverage manse that represents Coca-Cola Co. , PepsiCo Inc. , Kraft Foods Inc. and other companies said such a tax would unfairly hit lower-income Americans and wouldnt deter consumption. Taxes are not going to teach our children how to have a healthy lifestyle, said Susan Neely, president of the American Beverage Association. Instead, the association says its backing programs that limit sugary beverage consumption in schools. Some recent state proposals along the same lines have met stiff opposition. New York Gov. David Paterson recently agreed to drop a proposal for an 18% tax on sugary drinks subsequently facing an outcry from the beverage industry and New Yorkers. The beverage-tax proposal would apply to drinks that many Americans dont onsider unhealthy such as PepsiCos Gatorade and Krafts Capri Sun based on their calori e content. Health advocates are floating other so-called sin tax proposals and food regulations as part of the governments health-care overhaul. Mr. Jacobson also plans to propose Tuesday that the government sharply raise taxes on alcohol, move to largely eliminate artificial trans fat from food and move to reduce the sodium content in packaged and restaurant food. The beverage tax is just one of hundreds of ideas that lawmakers are weighing to finance the health-care plans. Theyre expected to narrow the list in coming weeks.The White House, meanwhile, is pulling together private health groups to identify cost savings that will help fund the health overhaul. Mr. Obama on Monday held a White House meeting with groups that represent doctors, hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical companies and medical-device makers. They pledged to help restrain cost increases in the health-care system in an effort to save $2 trillion over the next decade. When it comes to health-care spending, we are o n an unsustainable course that threatens the financial stability of families, businesses and government itself, Mr. Obama told reporters. Write to Janet Adamy at janet. emailprotected om BUFFALO, N. Y. , Feb. 25 (UPI) Taxing unhealthy foods reduces overall calories purchased, while cutting the proportion of fat and carbohydrates and increasing protein, U. S. researchers say. The study, published in Psychological Science, finds subsidizing the prices of healthy food increased overall calories purchased without changing the nutritional value. Leonard Epstein of the University of Buffalo said some states are beginning to impose sin taxes on fat and sugar to dissuade people from eating junk food, while others favor subsidies over punitive taxes as a way to encourage people to eat fruits, vegetables and whole grains.The thought is that if you make it cheaper, people will eat more of it, more expensive and people will eat less, Epstein says. Epstein and colleagues simulated a grocery st ore stocked with images of everything from bananas to nachos and had a group of volunteer mothers given laboratory money to shop for a weeks groceries for the family. Each food item was priced the same as groceries at a real grocery nearby, and each food came with basic nutritional information. First the mothers shopped using regular prices. Then the researchers raised the prices of unhealthy foods by 12. percent, and then by 25 percent, or they discounted the price of healthy foods comparably. The study showed taxes were more effective in reducing calories purchased over subsides, the researchers said. Read more http//www. upi. com/Health_News/2010/02/25/Study-Food-sin-taxes-effective/UPI-60061267154775/ixzz1BvAQlOhN A recent study examining the potential impact of sin taxesincreasing the cost of junk food, in particularas a center to promote healthier choices found that, in a lab setting at least, when unhealthy foods cost more, people tended to eat them less.Now, new research at tempts to size up the value of sin taxes in the real world. A study published this week in the Archives of Internal music followed more than 5,000 people from 1985-1986 to 2005-2006, tracking food consumption habits, as well as height, weight and blood sugar levels. They then compared that data with information about food costs across the 20-year period. Researchers found that, incremental increases in price of unhealthy foods resulted in incremental decreases in consumption. In other words, when junk food cost more, people ate it less.Analyzing the cost of soda and delivery pizza in terms of adjusted 2006 dollars, the researchers found that, during the 20-year study period, pizza and soda costs actually went downmaking them more accessible for less. Yet, their analysis also showed that every 10% increase in cost was associated with a decrease in calorie consumption7% for soda, and 11. 5% for pizza. Whats more, a $1 increase in soda price was associated with lower daily caloric int ake (about 124 calories less per day on average), lower body weight (2. lbs. less, on average) and better blood sugar levels, according to the researchers. Similar trends were seen for a $1 hike in pizza cost, and when both pizza and soda costs increased by $1, the effects were further amplified, the researchers found. Along with colleagues, lead author Kiyah J. Duffey, from the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, points to the results as possible evidence supporting the use of taxes as a means to promote healthier eating habits.Duffey and co-authors suggest that, based on these findings, an 18% surcharge on soda and delivery pizza could, on average, cut 56 calories per person per daya reduction that means dropping five pounds per person during the course of a year. In an accompanying chromatography column in the Archives of Internal Medicine, Drs. Mitchell Katz and Rajiv Bhatia of the San Francisco Department of Public Health argue that its ti me to put these proposed policies into practice to combat obesity. They suggest that taxes on unhealthy foods could go toward promoting healthier behaviors.Katz and Bhatia write Copying a successful tactic of anti-tobacco crusaders, the funds also could be used to counter the lavish advertising of soda and junk food or for marketing ordinary tap water. The study and accompanying editorial come the same week that Bill Clinton announced the result of a three-year study finding that large beverage companies are voluntarily reducing the sales of sugary sodas in schools, and New York politicians are again bandying about the possibility of a soda tax. And all of these developments add to the already heated debate over the merits of enforcing public health mandates through taxes, of course.Yet, while sin taxes are already widespread across the U. S. in the form of cigarette surchargesWashington state just tacked another $1 in taxes onto a pack of cigarettes, for examplefor many, the growi ng efforts to govern food choices through tariffs go too far. What do you think? argon junk food taxes good public health policy? Or are they indicative of a dangerous trend toward government interference in our freedom of choicepunishing people for enjoying life once in a while, as one detractor put it? Read more http//healthland. time. com/2010/03/10/study-sin-taxes-promote-healthier-food-choices/ixzz1BvAf9j11Obesity costs U. S. businesses about $45 billion a year in medical expenses and lost productivity. As a result, strategies that were once unthinkable for keeping the populations weight in check may soon become reality. In coming months, its likely one or more states and municipalities will try to impose taxes on soda, sweets, or other types of junk food, modeled on existing cigarette taxes. To the Bush Administration, such obesity taxes were an anathema, even though 27 states have already imposed small tariffs of 7% to 8% on vending machine snacks such as candy, soda, and bak ed goods.Now the combination of a budget-busting recession and a people that keeps getting fatter is causing legislators to consider more drastic steps. Late last year, New York Governor David A. Paterson proposed an 18% sales tax on non-diet soda and sugary juice drinks for the fiscal year starting in April. Such a tax, he says, would raise $404 million this year and $539 million in 2010, to be used for fat-fighting public health programs. Paterson has run into stiff opposition from the soft-drink industry. But several other states are mulling such taxes, says Kelly D.Brownell, director of Yale Universitys Rudd Center for Food insurance & Obesity. Ive been contacted by a number of state legislators recently, he says. I think its only a matter of time before it happens. In a statement, the American Beverage Assn. labeled Patersons soda tax proposal a money grab that will raise taxes on middle-class families. Opponents also note that new levies would fail to address the many compl ex factors that contribute to weight gain. Yet studies have shown a clear correlation between costs and consumer behavior. A Rand Corp. urvey of 59 cities found that children gain more weight if they live in communities where fruit and vegetables are expensive. And the University of Florida just published a study showing that the more alcohol costs, the less people imbibe. Academics also say high tobacco taxes deserve much of the credit for cutting the U. S. smoking rate from 42% in 1964 to to a lower place 20% now. Economist Frank J. Chaloupka, director of the Health Policy Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago, cautions that a junk food tax could cause people to simply switch to other foods that are just as high in calories.Still, he contends, with an 18% tax you would likely see some perceptible impact on consumption. Any sweeping obesity tax is likely to run into another snag how to define junk food. Liz Morrill, chief executive incumbent of Fizzy Lizzy, a brand o f sparkling juices, complains that Patersons proposed tax is completely irrational because it would tax her product but not containers labeled 100% fruit juice, though those drinks may have the same amount of sugar.Any obesity tax must be based on such criteria as calories and sugars per ounce, Morrill argues. The French government, for one, has embraced this logic. Its considering a tax of 5. 5% to 19. 6% on all foodstuffs the government deems too rich, too sweet, too salty, and not strictly necessary. It remains to be seen if the American public will swallow more dietary taxes. In November, Maine voters overturned a wholesale tax on sodas and the syrup used to make soda that the governor had write into law last April.

Religion as a Synonym of Ignorance Essay

Is the church as solid and strong as it seems? In The Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Garcia Marquez uses magical realism to challenge religious beliefs hence, proving godliness is not what is seems. To begin with, when the old soldiery with enormous wings lands in Elisenda and Pelayos courtyard and after concluding that the gentlemans gentleman must be someone who survived a shipwreck they call their neighbor to see him. Their neighbor proclaims right away that he must be an angel. Her reception to the man with wings is purely influenced by faith.She blindly assumes things based on what she has been taught her whole life Hes an angel, she told them. He must have been flood tide for the child, but the poor fellow is so old that the rain knocked him down. (Garcia Marquez 1) This shows how worship influences the interpretation of various events hence, limiting them to find a deeper or more important significance to any situation. Pelayos reaction is guided by fear and insecu rity, which somehow is portrayed in the taradiddle to symbolize that the church institution, generates fear quite of preaching Gods word.How Garcia Marquez describes the angel is a critique to the Church collectable to the fact that it is described as a ragpicker in a hap slight condition and passing old. Pelayo judges the angel on his appearance. Wasnt the angel supposed to look all white, attractive and divine such as church declares? If he was this way, then Pelayo would most likely honor and respect him rather than treat him like an animal this doesnt only ruin the idea the Church has rough an angel, but also results very disappointing, meaning that after all, religion results to be a disappointment.Garcia Marquez clearly describes how Colombian society is, and how ignorant they are due to religion. The town expresses hope and expectations are the angels visit. Many had big dreams and had relied on this angel to put an end to all their problems as if he was direct down from God. These expectations however are not rational they are based on their beliefs and the emotions that this angel had generated. Humans in general are always aspect for the easy way out and the simplest way to put their problems to an end.This angel served as the answer they had all hoped for likewise, religion does this in a daily basis. Religious the great unwashed rely the blame on God for what happens around them, whether its good or bad, it is the easiest way to justify lifes actions limiting humans run into of thinking for themselves therefore, they are ignorant. As we go further, critiques towards religion and ignorance continue. One of the strongest is probably when Father Gonzaga, gives his verdict about if the visitor was an angel or not.He tells hatful the Old Man is not an angel in view of his appearance, and when he tries to communicate with him in Latin he gets no response that being the case, ignorance takes everywhere again and people believe churchmen simpl y because of the position they have in society. Catholics often believe the Church knows everything about life, and so they must believe everything they say as if they could not think for themselves.Father Gonzaga felt somehow threatened by the angels presence because he could no longer be in the position he was and the angel would be seen as superior to him due to his divinity. The parish priest had his first suspicion of an imposter when he saw that he did not understand the language of God or know how to greet His ministers. (Garcia Marquez 2). He takes advantage of the situation when the Old Man does not answer in the language of jesus, ridiculing him and making himself look once again closer to God rather than the Old man.In addition, the final conclusion about that the old man is a norwegian sailor once again ridicules the Church showing such absurd assumptions nevertheless, he dares to create comparisons to argument his final word about the impostor the angel was, He argued that if wings were not the essential element in determining the difference between a hawk and an airplane, they were even less so in the recognition of angels. (Garcia Marquez 2). Furthermore, taking the whole Church as a character compared with the angel himself we can see the contrast of true religion and the human representation of it.Meaning that the angel symbolizes religion itself, and the church represents the institution that has corrupted this divine word. Church manipulates everything to be more powerful. In contrast, the angel is extremely patient, he isnt affected by what people were doing to him and through magical realism, Garcia Marquez manages to create a situation in which church and humans can be looked upon ridiculously because the angel uses all of the things against him to grow strong and flee wherefore, religion is a bigger authority and more valuable than church as an institution.To conclude, end-to-end the whole story we can witness how Garcia Marquez uses magical realism fusing the reality of Colombian society and the divinity and fiction of an angel. He generates a critique towards religion stating that religion acts as a blindfold and limits humans to think beyond what they are taught to believe in hence, we can understand that religion in the story can perfectly fit as a synonym for ignorance.

Family and Household Essay

Sociology is the subject which looks at the sociable world around us, how the social world works and how it effects and influences our daily lives. People lean to accept the social arrangements in which they grew up as prevalent or too complicated to understand. The family is the natural itinerary to bring up children and schools argon the normal places for children to learn. For most people the social world is just there, challenging their lives, they cannot change it and it is not really worth while trying to understand it. There is a consequence of that argument, which is when people try to understand their place in social club, rich or poor, isolated or popular they usually do so by saying it is their personal abilities, weaknesses and situations that cause them to be as they are. Sociologists do not fully agree with this, they regard it as their job to understand society and the way it affects distinct people.They do this by using certain concepts such as, values, beliefs, norms and identity, they likewise look at different theories, which are explanations that link together social events and face how the social events have different effects on different people. Within this essay the writer will be looking at functionalism, feminism and Marxism and how the different aspects affect people and how they impact on the family and household. Family and household are two different things, a household simply means ace or more person living in the same home, where as a family typically means a mathematical group of people related by ceremonial and or blood ties, living together or in frequent liaison. (Moore, 2001)The functionalist perspective is one of the main theoretical perspectives within sociology. It has its origins in the likes of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is realizable and how it remains relatively stable. Functionalism was the dominant branch of western sociology until the 1960s, since when it has been increasingly criticised by sociologists, favouring different sociological perspectives.Functionalists argue that societies consist of inter-related social institutions such as schools, mass media, political outlines and the family each of which contribute positively to the maintenance of stability of society as a whole. (earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011) These institutions are said to be functional for societies as a whole. Broadly speaking it is assumed by functionalists that societies operate in the interests of all of their members so that there is no author for unsounded conflict in society. Instead there is a high degree of consensus that societies are organised efficiently and relatively fairly.Functionalists believe of all timey institution in society contributes to the smooth running of society as a whole. To functionalists the family is at the heart of the family. Murdock subscribe toed that the nuclear family is so useful to society that it is inevitable and univers al, appearing everywhere (historylearningsite.com, 2012). Murdock claimed that he had found evidence of nuclear families in the 250 societies he studied. The family is universal because it fulfils essential functions for the family, such as sexual, which controls sexuality and provides stability for adults, reproduction, which provides new members of society, scotchal, the family provides for its members and nurture, the family socialises the young into societys norms and values.They are essential for social living since without the sexual and reproductive functions there would be no members of society, without the economic function (for example, the provision and preparation of food) life would cease, and without education a term Murdock uses for socialization there would be no culture. Human society without culture could not function. (historylearningsite.com, 2012).parsons states there are two irreducible functions of the family, these functions are primary socialisation, th rough with(predicate) which children learn to accept the norms and values of society and the stabilisation of adult personalities, the family gives adults the emotional support necessary to cope with everyday life. (Moore, 2001)The functionalist great deal suggests that the nuclear family has become socially isolated from extended family and geographically separated from wider family and more reliant on the welfare state. The family is self-contained, inward looking with little contact with neighbours and community, home leisures have made the family more home centred. Functionalists have been accused of idolising the family they ignore conflict, abuse and gender equality within families and the ever growing divorce rates and family diversity. Feminists have been highly critical of the highly positive view of the family presented by Functionalists and the more critical view presented by bolshys.The reason for this scepticism boils chain reactor to one key concept patriarchy. Patr iarchy refers to a system of male dominance. Historian and activist Cheris Kramaroe once famously remarked that feminism is the stem turn notion that cleaning woman are human beings (Head, 2012). Feminism is about woman living on equal terms with men and not being pushed down by law or culture into a lower role within society. Feminists believe that the family is immemorial, dominated by men and it exploits and oppresses women. The family supports and reproduces inequalities between men and woman, woman are Oppressed because their socialised to be dependent on men and remain second place. They disavow the new rights view of the separate roles and also reject the march of progress view, in that society has not changed and it is still unequal. Feminists believe that marriage remains patriarchal and that men clams from wives, they reject the functionalist view of one best family type, and they welcome freedom and diversity. (Anderson, 2008).Critics argue that there is too much fo cus on negative aspects and that feminists sometimes ignore recent social changes. Critics claim that feminists portray woman as passive victims as if they are unable to act against discrimination. The same critics believe that feminists focus on one specific group and ignore woman in families from other cultures and ethnicities Marxist Feminists argue that within capitalist societies the nuclear family is part of the overall structure of capitalism and that its organisation and functions are heavily influenced by the nature of the capitalist economic base which means that womens oppression derives primarily from the organisation of the capitalist system rather than from the patriarchal behaviour of men.According to Marxist Feminists housewives fulfil several important functions for the capitalist system they bear and rear children at no cost to the capitalist system and, along with their husbands, encourage their children to accept authority such that a new, suitably obedient gene ration of workers becomes available housewives also provide many domestic service at low or zero cost which reduces the wage levels which the capitalist system needs to pay its male workers. Women also form part of the backwardness army of labour which is available for employment during times of economic boom but which can return to the traditional housewife- mother role during economic recession.Marxist feminists also believe women provide emotional support for their husbands/partners without this they would be unable to face the oppression and alienation of the capitalist workplace. Without this emotional support it is also possible that workers would be more prepared to challenge the capitalist system. However, family responsibilities may also dissuade workers from strike activity and the existence of families with its demands for cars, washing machines and other consumer durables also helps to maintain spending and capitalist profits. The socialisation process which operates wi thin the family both stabilises the capitalist system as a whole and also by discourage female career aspirations, restricts female career opportunities. (Head, 2012).Marxists shares some similarities with feminism, it argues that society is unequal and that it is characterised by oppression, however, Marxists believe that the oppression is of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Marxism is a conflict supposition which sees all societies institutions, such as the education system, the media, religion and the state as helping to maintain class equality and capitalism for Marxists, therefore, the functions of the family are performed solely for the benefit of the capitalist system (sociogeeks.com, 2011). Marxists believe that the family aids capitalism by being a big consumer of goods, which they have to pay for, as long as the family are around, people will keep buying the products and the bourgeoisie will continue to trade name money. (earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011)Marxists a lso believe that woman staying at home looking afterwardward the children are producing the next generation of the proletariat.This means that more people will be created to fill the jobs of the retiring proletariat. Marxists believe that the family cushions the main producer, this is similar to the functionalist perspective where after a hard day at work, the main provider, usually the male, will be comforted by his family, they are there to relieve the pressures so he can return to work the next day less stressed than when he left the day before. This allows the bourgeoisie to have a worker in the next day and to have a guaranteed work force. Marxists believe that family is a strong influence on education and is considered the primary socialisation, this is beneficial for the bourgeoisie because the family and education system will teach the norms and values, which are that the society they are living in is correct. (Moore, 2001)Education makes the proletariat believe in the ben efits of capitalism and will make the children believe in the myth of meritocracy. Feminists argue that the Marxist emphasises on social class and capitalism underestimates the importance of gender inequalities within the family, for feminists, the family primarily serves the interests of men rather capitalism. Functionalists argue that Marxists ignore the very real benefits that the family provide for its members, such as intimacy and mutual support.Others feel that Marxists tend to neglect the meanings families have for individuals and how family members interpret family relationships. (Head, 2012) In conclusion Functionalists see society as similar to a human body. Each part of the human body relies on different organs in order to function correctly. According to functionalists society operates in exactly the same way because it relies on different social institutions such as the family, schools, and the government worktogether to keep the social body working properly. In contra st Marxists see society as operating solely to make a profit for the ruling class. The proletariat are socially engineered to conform to the needs of a ruling class who benefit the most from societies using a capitalist economic system. Therefore schools and the family exist solely to provide a compliant labour force who will willingly serve the needs of capitalism. On the other fall feminists see society as operating in order to meet the needs and wishes of men (patriarchy). Patriarchal societies are engineered to meet the desires and needs of men through institutions like the family and the education system. On this basis feminists say women are second-class citizens.ReferencesAnderson, M. L., 2008. Sociology. In J. Cheng, ed. understanding a diverse society. USA Thompson Wadsword, pp. 308-312. earlyhamsociologypages.co.uk, 2011. early ham sociology pages. Online on tap(predicate) at www.earlhamsociologypages.co.uk

South African Military Health Services Health And Social Care Essay

As combatants, we were used to an enemy that we could see, but human immunodeficiency virus is an nonvisual enemya It became an issue of national security for a little state like Eritrea. Dr Haile Mehstun, the Secretary for health in the probationary authorities of the freshly independent Eritrea during 1991-93INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEWIt s been 30 old ages since the designation and intervention of this disease we call acquired immune deficiency syndrome and yet it seems that we argon no closer to incorporating it than we argon to bring arounding it. This has been chiefly repayable to the fact that the disease itself is alone in footings of how it bams and spreads by dint ofout the organic structure and overly because of the widespread and sustained socio-economic, political and demographic impacts.It has besides been called a persistent moving ridge event whose effectuate will be felt for coevalss to come.Merely as the distinctive as the epidemic is, so excessively has been th e reaction to it been. This retort has been highlighted at versatile intervals by both hectic action on one manus and a entire deficiency of action on the separate manus,This was unprecedented international response, as neer before had there been a committedness of resources of this magnitude to a health cause.As much(prenominal) this response became known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome Exceptionalism . The word, Exceptionalism , intending to handle or to give something the position of cosmos exceeding had both positive and negative effects. go for Exceptionalism began as a Western response to the originally terrorizing and deadly spirit of the virus,International organisations such as theJoint United Nations course of instruction on human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , international Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ( the orbicular Fund ) andThe US President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) ,were formed to specifically talk hum an immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.This response was mirrored in to the south Africa every bit ripe(p).Since the first object lesson was discovered in 1982, The SA Department of Health s ( brawl ) reaction to the epidemic was guided by the responses of the Government of the Day.As such by the twelvemonth 2000, 18 old ages after the fact, it had developed the first theme Strategy to turn to human immunodeficiency virus AIDS.This was followed by a mass motion by DoH together with NGOs, CBOs and foreign givers like PEPFAR and Jackson Foundation, to mobilise already constrained health resources to the watchfulness of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.The southwestern Afri quarter Military Health Services ( SAMHS ) which offers Military Health Services to all sanctioned clients of the Dept of Defence, besides maps within the guidelines of the Dept of Health every bit good as the assorted statutory organic structures, besides engaged in this drive to turn to the threat of this diseas e, as it was discovered that this unobserved enemy had infiltrated our ranks.The same response that was runn and adopted by the DoH was besides utilised within the SAMHS.Therefore the defense reaction launched the monolithic Masibambisane Awareness Campaign, followed closely by the Nationwide PROJECT PHIDISA which is a clinical research undertaking focused on the oversight and intervention of HIV infection in the uniformed members of the SANDF and their dependents.The major function participants in the designation, intervention and direction of the HIV became the Health circumspection Professionals ( HCPs ) in the Primary Health fretting Services and the same was true for the Defence environment.The first turn on of contact for the bulk of our clients and the topographic point of on-going direction are Primary Health Care clinics. SAMHS adopted the same intervention and direction guidelines as DoH and offered these and new(prenominal) assists to our clients.Any alterations to these policies and guidelines unwittingly affect the service rescue within the SAMHS. So foregrounding the guinea pig Health attacks and its effects besides reflects the general mode in which PHC services are delivered in the SAMHS.Due to the graduated table and nature of the HIV epidemic, a disease specific response was seen as the most effectual manner of nearing the disease as it enabled energy edifice of wellness arrangements in states in demand. It besides allowed at the clip a more than manageable manner to place and turn to spreads in the wellness organisation whilst still being able to present a service.This attack, nevertheless, resulted in parallel systems being behave up, and caused breaks in cardinal hours to twenty-four hours healthcare proviso every bit good as the disregard of other every bit enfeebling and flavour endangering wellness conditions.This attack farther caused multiple convergences in the wellness service demands for HIV/AIDS and those for ot her diseases, which hoi polloi thought did nt necessitate this type of pressing, perpendicular response and intercession. PMTCT programmes domiciliate non be isolated from equal antenatal clinic services, household planning, bringing installations, and ambulatory services for chronic diseases of expectant females and kids.( A pregnant adult female comes in at 28 hebdomads, kicking of a relentless cough up and dark workout suits. At the PHC sister she is diagnosed on clinical marks and symptoms and history as being TB positive and is given a referral to the TB clinic which is 2 doors off from where she is right now. Further trials reveal that she is besides HIV positive so she is given a referral to the ARV/wellness Clinic which is down the transition. Since she has neer had any Antenatal Care she is besides given a referral to the Antenatal Clinic but she receives merely cough mixture straightaway because there no assignments available for her today in any of the other cli nics. This is because we have adopted a perpendicular disease specific response to pull off offing our patients.These service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks.Vertical attacks use planning, staffing, direction, and finance systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through and through bing health-system weeions.However the terrene community noticed the frequent co-infections between HIV and TB these were persuasive grounds for seeking complementarities between services for each.BackgroundIn the past hardly a(prenominal) old ages, there has been a recoil a developst this Exceptionalism with critics claiming that HIV/AIDS receives disproportional sum of international assistance and wellness support, and that this has deductions for other wellness issues.Catching diseases and other wellness conditions were abandoned and/or neglected in favor of what became known as a civil-liberties a ttack.This public wellness attack helped incorporate the epidemic in certain parts of the universe to changing grades. However in Sub-Saharan Africa the disease still wreaks mayhem with about 1400 new infections per twenty-four hours.When antiretroviral intervention ( artistic production ) was unveiled at the 1996 International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, Canada, AIDS was transformed into a treatable disease. The coming of intervention shifted Western precedences of response The handiness of more advanced antiretroviral therapies has made it possible to handle efficaciously those with HIV infection, thereby increase the importance of early designation and trailing .As donor states extirpation precedences, and in the context of the economic recession, the urgency around the HIV/AIDS response is one time once more worsening. This displacement in policy and international precedences does non alter the world of an epidemic that, after threesome decennaries, is still unfolding.O thers commentaries highlighted that umpteen diseases and wellness issues ( such as malaria, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, under-nutrition and respiratory upsets ) resulted in more deceases than those related to AIDS in many parts of the universe, but were having less support.Whether or non this disregard was because of the prioritization of the AIDS response or due to other fixingss was hotly contested.THE CURRENT HEALTH PICTUREIn low income states that have been the hardest hit by HIV, the wellness profile of the twelvemonth 2008, harmonizing to the WHO ( 2011 ) is as followsLow-income statesDeaths in 1000000s% of deceasesLower respiratory infections1.0511.3 %Diarrhoeal diseases0.768.2 %HIV/AIDS0.727.8 %Ischaemic bosom disease0.576.1 %Malarias0.485.2 %Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease0.454.9 %Tuberculosis0.404.3 %Prematurity and low give weight0.303.2 %Birth asphyxia and birth injury0.272.9 %Neonatal infections0.242.6 %Internationally the taking cause of decease harm onizing to the WHO study updated in 2011, the taking cause of decease in 2008 was shockingly non due to AIDS this could in portion be attributed to the hapless coverage or recording of deceases attributed straight to HIV/AIDS, but it alsol allows the Global Community a opportunity to gain that other serious wellness conditions which exist within our wellness systems, have the capacity to gyrate out of control due to the disregard by the AIDS Exceptionalism response.UniverseDeaths in 1000000s% of deceasesIschaemic bosom disease7.2512.8 %Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease6.1510.8 %Lower respiratory infections3.466.1 %Chronic clogging pneumonic disease3.285.8 %Diarrhoeal diseases2.464.3 %HIV/AIDS1.783.1 %Trachea, bronchial tube, lung malignant neoplastic diseases1.392.4 %Tuberculosis1.342.4 %Diabetess mellitus1.262.2 %Road traffic accidents1.212.1 %Harmonizing to the World Health Statistics 2012 study, one in three grownups global, has raised blood squeeze per unit area a stat us that causes around half of all deceases from shot and bosom disease and one in 10 grownups has diabetes. While the planetary mean prevalence is about 10 % , up to one tierce of universes in some Pacific Island states have this status. Left untreated, diabetes can take to cardiovascular disease, sightlessness and kidney failure.Dr A new wave der Merwe, in 2007, found that bosom disease is the 2nd epicgest slayer of South Africans after Aids ( est. 890 bulk / twenty-four hours decease from Aids ) . Harmonizing to the study 30 South Africans die from bosom onslaughts and 60 from shots alone- every individual twenty-four hours with 70 % of these occur in people junior than 55 old ages of age.She farther stated that high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin and diabetes added well to the load of disease in South Africa. Heart disease is non the male merely job it was thought to be old ages ago. One out of four ( 25 % ) SA adult females younger than 60 is affected. Heart dise ase is the cause of decease in 20 % of all deceases in adult females much in the same manner that adult females bear the load for HIV/AIDS more than work forces.More than half the deceases due to chronic disease, including bosom disease, occur before the age of 65 old ages. These are premature deceases that affect the work force in the state and have a major impact on the economic system of the state. Premature deceases due to bosom and blood vas diseases in people of working age ( 35 64 old ages ) are expected to growth by 41 % between 2007 2030. The negative economic impact of this will be tremendous. And yet the bulk of our focal point remains on pull offing HIV/AIDS entirely.The spread between resources require to utensil HIV/AIDS programmes and those available has continued to turn over the past three old ages, this is particularly true with respects to the deficit of trained and skilled wellness attention workers particularly physicians and nurses. This has had a farther impact on the direction of other chronic conditions in that the already short supply of physicians and nurses are being channeled to HIV/AIDS Centres with the enticement of higher wages and increased inducements, go forthing fewer staff to pull off the turning recruit of other patients with chronic conditions.With the SAMHS as with the DoH clinics and wellness Centres one merely has to take a glimpse around to happen an copiousness of information, postings, booklets etc on HIV/AIDS, and really few if any on other Health Conditions. Expertness is directed and allocated to the Wellness Clinics and to the proper direction of HIV positive patients. The other can do get ahead with what s left.As Sachs notes in a commentary in The Lancet, We are non overspending on AIDS but under-spending on the restaThe pick is non between AIDS, wellness systems, and other Millennium Development Goals. We can and must back up them all.2. taste HEALTH SYSTEMSThe term health system is a shorthand manner of mentioning to all the administrations, establishments and resources that are chiefly forebodinged with bettering wellness in a unique state. They guarantee the proviso of preventative, rehabilitative, healing, and other public wellness services, every bit good as the coevals of the fiscal, physical, and human resources needed for service proviso. Most significantly, wellness systems besides encompass the direction and administration agreements that help guarantee efficiency and equity in proviso of service, reactivity to patient demands, and answerability to communities and the broader society.Why are wellness systems of import?The recent planetary focal point on control of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria has concentrated attending on intercessions that need to be scaled up, such as antiretroviral therapy, TB and malaria intervention, or intermittent intervention of pregnant adult females for malaria. However, the great bulk of intercessions depend in some mann er on a basic substructure of services, which in bend depends on the being of a higher phase substructure that provides resources and supervising.Since the resolving of Alma-Ata, attending to wellness systems has waxed and waned. Most late, in the planetary wellness community at that place has been a displacement back towards advancing wellness systems, or horizontal, intercessions. Horizontal intercessions are defined as those that strengthen the primary attention system, better wellness systems service and bringing, and address general non-disease specific jobs such as wellness worker deficits and inadequate skilled birth attenders. However, there are matter-of-fact troubles with recognizing the rhetoric and funding horizontal intercessions.The Global Fund via the Global Health Initiatives aims to beef up wellness systems to cut down the spread and impact of HIV, TB, and malaria and will assist many states fulfill their human rights duties, in unpaired the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest come-at-able criterion of physical and mental wellness. Under international jurisprudence, provinces are obliged to take stairss to the upper limit of their available resources, , to progressively recognize the right to the highest come-at-able criterion of wellness.The Alma Ata declaration ( 1978 ) promoted a comprehensive attack to bettering wellness with a strong accent on constructing wellness systems from the buttocks up through primary wellness attention.However this vision was challenged by those who argued that to accomplish a mensurable consequence it was necessary to concentrate on a limited figure of cost-efficient intercessions through selective primary wellness attention.The accent on presenting cost-efficient intercessions resulted in an increasing array of selective programmes, often being promoted at the same time.Service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks. Vertical at tacks use planning, staffing, direction, and financing systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through bing health-system constructions.VERTICAL VS SYSTEMS APPROACH.However, there are many studies from experience that jobs may originate when several perpendicular, parallel subsystems are created within the broader health-care system. Parallel attacks are likely to ensue ina? Duplicates running parallel systems for presenting drugs to wellness installations will increase conveyance costs, and increase the figure of signifiers that wellness workers need to finish to procure their drug supply.a? Distortions making a separate cell of better paid wellness workers for the specii?c undertakings of a programme may consume staff from other cardinal maps and/or demotivate staff who do non benei?t from higher wage or better conditions.a? Breaks programmes frequently train wellness workers by taking them off from their occupations for several yearss or heb domads, go forthing their stations vacant. This preparation tends to be coordinated across programmes, and may ensue in the same worker having several preparation classs in a twelvemonth, with a significant loss of services being delivered.a? Distractions likewise, the specii?c and uncoordinated coverage demands of givers can take to several signifiers being i?lled by a exclusive wellness worker for the same job, deflecting them from more creative utilizations of their clip. ( United Nations Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS No. 55, nem con adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Special seance on HIV/AIDS2001. )In amount, in a barbarous circle, weak wellness systems can restrict the effectivity of enterprises taken ND topographic point indefensible emphasis on already weak systems. This quandary drives a cuneus between wellness systems beef uping attempts and the work of the Global Health Initiatives and limits the capacity of both to accomplish their full potency The Community Systems Strengthening ( CSS ) Framework is a Global Fund enterprise which was finalized in May 2010. A pen nib of exchange CSS Framework was tabled at a workshop held 24-25 March 2011 in Johannesburg, South Africa.South AFRICAN RESPONSEThe HIV & A AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa 2012-2016 flows from the National Strategic Plan of 2007-2011 every bit good as the Operational Plan for Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, focusing, and Treatment. It represents the state s multi vault of heavenal response to the challenge with HIV infection and the wide-ranging impacts of AIDS.The NSP 2012-2016 was developed through an intensive and inclusive procedure of drafting, aggregation and bite of inputs from a broad scope of stakeholders through electronic mails, workshops, and meetings. SANAC had chance to interrogate the bill of exchanges on three occasions. The national multi arenaal response to HIV and AIDS is managed by different constructions at all degrees. States, local anesthetic governments, the private sector and a scope of CBOs are the chief implementing bureaus. Each authorities section has a focal individual and squad responsible for planning, budgeting, exercise and supervise HIV and AIDS intercessions. In this program, communities are targeted to take more duty and to play a more meaningful function.The NSP is based upon a set of cardinal Guiding PrinciplesSupportive Leadership Effective Communication Effective Partnerships Promoting societal alteration and coherence Sustainable programmes and funding The intercessions that are needed to make the NSP s ends are structured under four key precedence countriesPrevention Treatment, attention and support Human and legal rights andMonitoring, research and surveillance.Key precession Area 1 PreventionReduce by 50 % the rate of new HIV infections by 2011. The purpose is to guarantee that the big bulk of South Africans who are HIV negative remain HIV negativeKey Priority Area 2 Treatment, Care, and SupportReduce HIV and AIDS morbidness and mortality every bit good as its socioeconomic impacts by supplying appropriate bundles of intervention, attention and support to 80 % of HIV positive people and their households by 2011.Mitigate the impacts of HIV and AIDS and make an enabling societal environment for attention, intervention and supportStrengthen the execution of OVC policy and programmesExpand and implement CHBC as portion of EPWPStrengthen the execution of policies and services for older people affected by HIV and AIDSMainstream the proviso of appropriate attention and support services to HIV positive people with disablements and their householdsKey Priority Area 3 Research, Monitoring, and SurveillanceThe NSP 2207-2011 recognises monitoring and rating ( M & A E ) as an of import policy and direction tool.Key Priority Area 4 Human and Legal in good ordersStigma and favoritism continue to show challenges in the direction of HIV and AIDS. This precedence country seeks to mainstream these in order to guarantee witting execution programmes to turn to them.RESPONSE WITHIN THE SAMHSUNAIDS ( 2003 ) reported that uniformed services, including peacekeepers, often rank among the population groups most affected by sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) , including HIV. Military forces are two to-five times more likely to contract STIs than the civilian population and, during struggle, this factor can increase significantly. A military analyst with South Africa s Institute of Strategic Studies has warned that, unless the spread of AIDS among ground forcess from high-prevalent states is stopped shortly, it is possible that many of these states will be unable to take part in rising peacekeeping operations. This would stand for a serious blow since soldiers from states, with, or nearing, high-HIV prevalence evaluate ( above 5 % ) make up 37 % of all UN peacekeepers. UNAIDSSTRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SA MILITARY HEALTH SERVICE Contribution TO GOVERN MENT PRIORITIES 2011-2014Government Priority Outcome 2. The SAMHS nucleus concern is directed to lend to the Government Priority Outcome 2, A Long and Healthy Life for all South Africans.The SAMHS is an active participant in the National Human Development Cluster and the Programme of Action of the bunch is straight linked to the following cardinal end products as identified and formulated by the buncha? Increased life anticipation at birth.a? Reduced kid mortality.a? Decreased maternal mortality ratio.a? rive offing HIV prevalence.a? Reduced HIV incidence.a? Expanded Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission programme.a? meliorate TB instance Findings.a? Improved TB results.a? Improved entree to antiretroviral intervention for HIV-TB co-infected patients. Decreased prevalence of MDR-TB.a? Revitalisation of primary wellness attention.a? Improved physical substructure for wellness attention bringing.a? Improved patient attention and satisfaction.a? Accreditation of wellness insta llations for quality. Enhanced operational direction of wellness installations and meliorate entree to human resources support.a? Improved wellness attention funding and wellness information systems, improved wellness services for the young person and spread out entree to place based attention and community wellness workers.The undermentioned five cardinal end products that constitute the footing of the Health Sector s Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement ( NSDA ) for 2010-2014 are required from the SAMHSa? Health Promotion And Prevention Directed To Healthy Life Styles.a? Increasing life anticipation.a? Reducing maternal and child mortality rates.a? Combating HIV and AIDS and diminishing the load of diseases from TB anda? Strengthening wellness system effectivity.The SAMHS has 6 major formations that deal with the operation of the SAMHS as a whole. Of specific mention to this treatment is the Area Military Health Formation, and the Tertiary Military Health Formation that trades specifically with the comprehensive direction of DoD patients.The Area Formation is the Formation through which Primary Health Care is delivered to all SANDF members and their dependents through assorted Military Medical Clinics, Polyclinics and Base Hospitals.Within the Department of Defence ( DoD ) the South African Military Health Services, the Surgeon General manages the HIV Programme since 1991 through a multi-disciplinary attack. The construction of the SA Military Health Service makes proviso for assorted degrees of direction, and the HIV Management Structure mirrors these degrees.The first degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for audience to the Surgeon General and the remainder of the DOD, policy preparation, monitoring and coordination of the HIV ProgrammeThe 2nd degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for execution of the HIV programme throughout the DOD. Regional HIV/AIDS Committees. Nodal Points or regional HIV programme directors appointed in the stat es, military infirmaries, the Institute of Military medicine, Aerospace Medicine and the Institute of Maritime Medicine.HIV Workplace Programme Managers, appointed in every unit/workplace in the DOD.HIV Master trainers and other forces regard in the HIV Training Programme of the DOD.The HIV/AIDS Coordinating Committee is responsible for guaranting execution and coordination of the HIV programme and supervising the executing of the HIV programme. As such the commission is end product driven with respect to the direction of the entire HIV Programme. The HIV Programme Manager acts as prexy of the commission.This Committee every bit good as the SG are guided by the National Strategic Plan and the Treatment Guidelines as developed by the DoH.As is seeable there is nt a Directorate for Diabetes or Cardiac Care or Director Hypertension and Stroke Management. So within the SAMHS as good energies and attempts have been mobilized in an exceeding attempt to turn to HIV/AIDS, as was demonstr ated by the monolithic PHIDISA Project.ChallengeThe systemic challenge of human resources especially in the wellness sector, attenuates the expected benefits of these committednesss.The proviso of wellness services is labour intensive and a scope of both clinical and direction accomplishments are required to present quality wellness services in an low-cost and just mode.There is presently an instability in the distribution of wellness victors between the the vulgar and the private wellness attention sectors, with the bulk of physicians, druggists, and tooth doctors in peculiar placed in the private sector.In add-on, the migration of wellness professionals to developed states has contributed to the job of recruiting and retaining wellness professionals in the public wellness sector.The most destitute countries such as informal colonies and rural countries are disproportionately affected by deficits in human resources..WAY FORWARDControling the harrying effects of HIV/AIDS should no n happen at the cost of pull offing other non-communicable chronic conditions that can be merely as lay muck up toing. In order to guarantee that the badness of the HIV pandemic is met with the response that it deserves and to supply a comprehensive medical service the SAMHS has to accommodate to the undermentioned guidelinesAdopting divinatory accounts of attention with per se high scalability. The huge bulk of African states use the western referral theoretical account of attention with big Numberss of specialised wellness workers, broadly indefensible for pull offing HIV and AIDS and timeserving infections.Rigid staff definitions hinder occupation sharing and cross-training. In add-on, HIV and AIDS intervention runs the risk of infection of going a perpendicular programme, focused on a limited set of upright intercessions offered without mention to people s societal environment and insufficiently integrated with other wellness attention proviso.The world is that people popul ating with HIV and AIDS live and work in communities non in wellness installations. The challenge is whence to keep big Numberss of peoplepopulating with HIV and AIDS in their communities and prolong them on long-run therapy with high conformity and attachment.Urgently needed are large incorporate public wellness theoretical accounts for turn toing antiretroviral therapy and other signifiers of HIV and AIDS attention and intervention at the primary attention and community degrees.2. Redefining professional functionsDeveloping and polishing public wellness theoretical accounts for HIV/AIDS intervention and attention will affect extended appraisals, stakeholder treatments and pilot trials.Among the likely issues redefining and devolving functions and strategies of service and reexamining professional licensure and accreditation demands for wellness staff at all degrees.Pilot undertakings show that some undertakings related to antiretroviral therapy, such as everyday follow ups and r eding, can be carried out by lay community workers, trained and supported by referral systems.Technology offers many exciting possibilities for leveraging rare accomplishments and expertness over big Numberss of midlevel and alternate wellness suppliers, possibilities to be investigated.Mobile wellness services need to be refined, adapted and used to widen antiretroviral therapy into widely dispersed communities. Any attack ( or set of attacks ) will profit from leading, sound feasibleness surveies and policy or regulative counsel.3. Increasing skilled human resources for wellness.Most national or local wellness services are inadequately staffed to supply HIV/AIDS intervention and attention and serve people with other demands.The Joint instruction Initiative on human resources for wellness estimated that Africa needs one million extra wellness professionals in order to run into the WHO s minimal staffing for wellness attention proviso ( Joint Learning Initiative 2004 ) .Health Care Providers themselves are acquiring sick at high rates, adding to losingss of forces who move to the private sector or other states.Health reforms adopted in many states in the 1990s demand to be reviewed in the visible radiation of current and future staff demands, including footings of service.Organizations stand foring wellness workers and authoritiess need to maintain forces in topographic point and better their motive, working environments and inducements.Plan implementers must besides undertake the falter of many wellness workers to work in rural locations.4 Training wellness attention professionals.Training for wellness suppliers to present antiretroviral therapy and relevant supportive, logistical and monitoring services remains limited.A Kenyan survey shows that merely 30 % of physicians ordering antiretroviral drugs had received preparation in administrating and supervising antiretroviral therapy ( Livesley and Morris 2004 ) .There is a light demand to develop rapid deve loping methods in order to spread out services across all cells involved in antiretroviral therapy.5 run into the costs of intervention and attention.For scaling-up to be successful, the monetary value of antiretroviral therapy and other indispensable drugs for the direction of chronic conditions and related intercessions needs to come down to a degree that African authoritiess can budget for sustainably.Budgeting for antiretroviral therapy requires a vision and committedness to prolong support for at least five decennaries and possibly longer.Once started, antiretroviral therapy and medicine for dogged chronic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure, must be provided for the patient s life-time.The sustainability of support for HIV/AIDS enterprises raises legion political and ethical issues that can be resolved merely with committed leading.6 Developing a patient attention substructure.Health forces need substructure to back up their proficient and interpersonal accompli shments.Functioning research lab and proving installations must be available if antiretroviral therapy programmes are to win.7 Increasing patient followup to increase attachment.Patients must take their chronic medicine which includes antiretroviral drugs on a regular basis.If random breaks occur specifically with ARVs, the virus is likely to mutate into drug-resistant strains. The deficiency of attachment to intervention is non a new job. For illustration, the outgrowth of multidrug-resistant TB is related to the deficiency of attachment to intervention and inappropriate drugs.Many womb-to-tomb diseases like IHV are complex and time-demanding and T is complicates adherence. finish patient followup additions attachment, but this is a challenge in resource-constrained African scenes.8.Sustaining drug supplies .A discontinuance in drug supply increases the hazard of failed intervention, poisonous non merely to the patient but besides easing drug-resistant strains.Periodic drug defic its are non uncommon in AfricaAt the national degree the challenge is to construct strong drug procurance and distribution systems, avoiding supply breaks and leaks and guaranting drug quality.At the undertaking degree, logistics are important, guaranting safe drug storage and distribution.9. There is besides an increasing demand for a strategic, co-ordinated attack to the epidemic and for the integrating of HIV/AIDS into the primary wellness attention system.10. Recommendations for South Africa by the Global Health Initiatives Fund, which can be implemented in the SAMHS include Ensure cosmopolitan entree to basic wellness attention, giving absolute precedence to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in the population ( kids and adult females ) -with specific mention it includes the married womans and kids of soldiers who live in rural otherwise unaccessible countries.Reinforce whole wellness systems, alternatively of establishing schemes on perpendicular plans Strengthen substruct ures, organisation and control of plans, purchase and distribution of indispensable medical specialties ( including antiretroviral drugs for the intervention of AIDS ) And, above all, invest in human resources within the public wellness sector through preparation, motive, appropriate and merely wage of wellness forces that will assist barricade the drain of staff to the private sector and abroad. DecisionThe vision which fuelled our battle for freedom the deployment of energies and resources the integrity and committedness to common ends all these are needed if we are to convey AIDS under control.( Mandela, Davos 1997 )Right now nevertheless, since the handiness of ARVs, we have turned the tide on HIV/AIDS being the decease sentence that it began as, but we turned our dorsums on the other menaces that are harrying the wellness of our soldiersa